scholarly journals The use of mineral interfaces in sand-sized volcanic rock fragments to infer mechanical durability

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Le Pera ◽  
Consuele Morrone
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rock ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
Mechanical Durability ◽  
Mineral Interfaces

Stratigraphie et paléogéographie d'un bassin d'avant-arc ordovicien, Estrie-Beauce, Appalaches du Québec

1994 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre A. Cousineau ◽  
Pierre St-Julien
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rock ◽  
Accretionary Prism ◽  
Late Ordovician ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Magmatic Arc ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
Felsic Volcanic Rock ◽  
Volcaniclastic Rocks ◽  
Felsic Volcanic ◽  
Quartz Grains

Two new formations, the Frontière and Etchemin formations, have been found to lie below the Beauceville and Saint-Victor formations, the two known formations of the Magog Group. The Frontière Formation, at the base of the group, is made up of centimeter-thick beds of medium- to coarse-grained litharenite and of greyish green mudstone; the sandstone, greyish green, contains abundant felsic volcanic rock fragments and chromite grains. The Etchemin Formation is composed mostly of centimeter-thick dusky yellow green siliceous mudstone; at the base, there is also a purple mudstone, and meter-thick beds of dusky green volcaniclastic rocks rich in intermediate to felsic volcanic rock fragments and crystals of feldspar and quartz occur near its top. The Beauceville Formation consists of interbedded centimeter-thick beds of black clayslate and centimeter- to meter-thick beds of black volcaniclastic rocks. The Saint-Victor Formation consists of classic turbidite beds with few meter-thick yellowish volcaniclastic rock beds similar to those of the Beauceville Formation; the sandstone is a litharenite rich in quartz grains and sedimentary rock fragments. Most rocks of the Frontière and Etchemin formations as well as the volcaniclastic rocks of the Beauceville and Saint-Victor formations were derived from a magmatic arc located to the southeast. However, the shale of the Beauceville Formation and the turbidites of the Saint-Victor Formation were derived from an orogenic source located to the northwest. The Magog Group is located between the Saint-Daniel Mélange and the Ascot Complex interpreted as remnants of an accretionary prism and a magmatic arc, respectively. The sediments of this group were thus deposited in a fore-arc basin active during the Taconian orogeny of the Middle to Late Ordovician.

Tectonic, stratigraphic, and sedimentologic significance of a regional discontinuity in the upper Judith River Group (Belly River wedge) of southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, and northern Montana

1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Eberth ◽  
Anthony P. Hamblin
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rock ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
Isostatic Rebound ◽  
Accommodation Space ◽  
Lithostratigraphic Units ◽  
Alberta Basin ◽  
Dinosaur Park Formation

The lithostratigraphic interval between the Taber and Lethbridge coal zones in the upper portion of the nonmarine Judith River Group of southeastern Alberta is divisible into two lithostratigraphic units separated by a regionally extensive and diachronous discontinuity. The lower unit, referred to here as the Oldman Formation, is characterized by very fine grained to fine-grained sandstones that contain fewer than 2% volcanic rock fragments; sandstone bodies with numerous sets of horizontally stratified sandstone, showing little or no evidence of lateral accretion; siliceous paleosols (ganisters); and a relatively high gamma-ray signal in the upper half of the formation. The Oldman Formation comprises deposits of a low-sinuosity, perhaps ephemeral fluvial system that originated in the southern Cordillera of Canada and northern Montana and flowed northeastward, perpendicular to the axis of the Alberta Basin.The upper unit is assigned to a new formation, the Dinosaur Park Formation, and is characterized by fine- to medium-grained sandstones with up to 10% volcanic rock fragments; sandstone bodies that exhibit lateral-accretion surfaces in the form of inclined heterolithic stratification; numerous articulated dinosaurs and dinosaur bone beds; and a relatively low gamma-ray signal in the lower half of the formation. The Dinosaur Park Formation comprises deposits of a high-sinuosity, fluvial-to-estuarine system that originated in the north and central Cordillera and flowed southeastward, subparallel to the axis of the Alberta Basin.40Ar/39Ar and K–Ar dating of Judith River Group bentonites shows that the contact between the Oldman and Dinosaur Park formations becomes younger toward the south and southeast. These data also demonstrate that the Dinosaur Park Formation clastics migrated southeastward at a rate of approximately 130–140 km/Ma, gradually overstepping the Oldman Formation elastics.The widely recognized north-to-south increase in intensity of overthrust loading along the western margin of the Alberta Basin during the Late Cretaceous is thought to be responsible for (i) differences in accommodation space for the proximal portions of the Oldman and Dinosaur Park formations, and (ii) the establishment of a southerly tilt in the Alberta Basin leading to the southeastward migration of the Dinosaur Park Formation elastics. In the northern portion of the basin, relatively lower rates of subsidence, combined with periods of isostatic rebound in the foredeep, resulted in the southeastward migration of Dinosaur Park Formation elastics as sediment input exceeded accommodation space. In the southern portion of the basin, relatively higher rates of subsidence and little isostatic rebound acted to trap coarse-grained Oldman Formation elastics in the foredeep and may have led to periods of sediment starvation in more distal portions of the basin. An inferred lower depositional slope associated with the Dinosaur Park Formation (relative to the Oldman Formation) is thought to have resulted from gradual loading of the basin as Dinosaur Park Formation elastics migrated southeastward or some form of tectonically induced subsidence.

Sedimentology of Archean Turbidites at Yellowknife, Northwest Territories

1972 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 882-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Volcanic Rock ◽  
Sedimentary Basin ◽  
Granitic Rock ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
The West ◽  
Submarine Fan ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
Granitic Terrain ◽  
Silicic Volcanic

The Burwash Formation is a major formation of the Archean Yellowknife Supergroup at Yellowknife. It consists of about 15 000 ft (4572 m) of interbedded graywackes and mudstones and shows many of the features characteristic of turbidites. Analysis of the internal sedimentary structures and paleocurrent data on the sediments indicate that the sediments were derived from the west, possibly from an area now occupied by an extensive granitic terrain, and accumulated in depositional fan valleys on a submarine fan complex near the margin of a large Archean sedimentary basin that lies to the east of Yellowknife. The high proportion of volcanic rock fragments, particularly silicic–volcanic lithic clasts, along with abundant quartz and feldspar and the minor but ubiquitous granitic rock fragments in the graywackes, indicates a mixed silicic–volcanic and granitic provenance. The modal and chemical composition, and volumetric abundance, of these sediments denotes the presence, and considerable extent, of sialic crust prior to the deposition of the Burwash Formation.

Volcanogenic sediments of the East Kirkton Limestone (Viséan) of West Lothian, Scotland

1993 ◽  
Vol 84 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 203-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham P. Durant
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rock ◽  
Shallow Lake ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Basaltic Volcanism ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
Humid Environment ◽  
Heterogeneous Nature ◽  
Lateral Variations ◽  
Charred Wood ◽  
Important Constituent

ABSTRACTVolcanogenic sediments form a significant part of the East Kirkton Limestone, with thin tuff units occurring at several levels and pyroclastic fragments being an important constituent of the coarser clastic limestone units.The tuffs have been extensively altered during diagenesis but recognisable pseudomorphs after olivine and plagioclase phenocrysts confirm the basaltic nature of the volcanism. The considerable lateral variations in thickness of the tuff horizons in conjunction with the poorly sorted and lithologically heterogeneous nature of the tuffs indicate an epiclastic origin for the volcanogenic sediments. Well-rounded volcanic rock fragments—products of erosion—occur with angular fragments within the tuffs. Blocky tuffs in the lower part of the formation contain charred wood fragments, rip-up clasts of limestone and disarticulated amphibian bones. Graded bedding at several horizons and the presence of ostracods within some tuffs confirms subaqueous deposition.The findings are consistent with the usual, dominantly epiclastic products of basaltic volcanism, in an equatorial, continental, humid environment, with assorted debris being washed from the flanks of a volcano into a shallow lake.

Provenance of Albian–Cenomanian rocks of the Methow and Tyaughton basins, southern British Columbia: a mid-Cretaceous link between North America and the Insular terrane

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1274-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Irwin Garver
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Volcanic Rock ◽  
Basin Analysis ◽  
The West ◽  
Dominant Source ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
Metasedimentary Rocks ◽  
Taylor Creek ◽  
Topographic High

Basin analysis of Albian–Cenomanian rocks of the Tyaughton and Methow basins suggests that the two basins were filled by three principle petrofacies during a regionally significant contractional event. The Volcanic petrofacies, which occurs only in the Tyaughton basin, comprises west-derived volcaniclastic strata. This petrofacies is dominated by intermediate volcanic clasts and minor metavolcanic, sedimentary, and plutonic clasts. This petrofacies and correlatives to the west (Taylor Creek volcanics and the Gambier Group) are inferred to have been a volcanic cover and volcaniclastic apron to the Insular terrane.The Cherry petrofacies occurs in both the Tyaughton and the Methow basins. Paleocurrents suggest that these chert-rich sediments were shed both east and west off a topographic high that separated the two basins. The Cherry petrofacies is dominated by chert-lithic detritus with subordinate sedimentary and volcanic rock fragments. Locally, the petrofacies is characterized by clasts of chert, greenstone, serpentinite, and blueschist; all these lithologies are common in the unconformably underlying Bridge River terrane, which is inferred to have been the dominant source terrane.Rocks that contain the Arkosic petrofacies are 3–8 km thick in the Methow basin, but only a thin unit is present in the Tyaughton basin. This petrofacies is rich in quartz and feldspar, with lesser quantities of volcanic lithic and metamorphic lithic fragments. Detrital muscovite, which is the hallmark of this petrofacies, is interpreted to have been derived from granitic and metasedimentary rocks to the east. This petrofacies is interpreted to have been largely derived from the Omineca Crystalline Belt, which was rapidly uplifting during this time. The three petrofacies in the two basins provide the first provenance link between the Insular terrane to the west to what was then North America (Omineca Crystalline Belt and the Intermontane Belt) to the east; juxtaposition is inferred to have occurred in a contractional setting.

Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of late Cretaceous bentonite deposits of the Kelkit Valley Region, northern Turkey

Clay Minerals ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 807-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Yalçin ◽  
G. Gümüşer
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rock ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Geochemical Characteristics ◽  
Basal Spacing ◽  
Pyroclastic Rocks ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
Diagenetic Minerals

AbstractLate Cretaceous bentonitic clays in the Kelkit Valley region of Turkey are composed of an alternation of limestone lenses and silicified tuff nodule-bearing pyroclastic rocks and their alteration products. Quartz, feldspar, biotite, trace amounts of augite together with pumice and volcanic rock fragments comprise the volcanogenic components. Diagenetic minerals are represented by clay, calcite, opal-CT, zeoliteand dolomite. The clay fraction is dominated by smectite and lesser amounts of I-S, illite, chlorite and kaolinite. The d001 basal spacing of dioctahedral smectites ranges from 12.51 to 12.55Å in Na-smectites and 14.97 to 15.52 A˚in Ca-smectites. The CaO/Na2O ratio of smectites ranges from 0.15 to 19.50, and the interlayer Na and Ca contents are 0.22–0.30 in beidellitesand 0.02–0.09 while those in montmorillonites are 0.01–0.13 and 0.03–0.15, respectively. The data obtained indicate that bentonites formed in a marine environment by the alteration of volcanic ash of rhyodacitic/dacitic and intermediate/acidic composition.

The petrology of sands in the uppermost Cretaceous and Palaeocene of southern Saskatchewan: a study of composition influenced by grain size, source area, and tectonics

1979 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Misko ◽  
Hugh E. Hendry
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Volcanic Rock ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Rock Fragment ◽  
Sand Transport ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Volcanic Material ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
Detrital Carbonate

The sands of the Frenchman Formation (Maastrichtian) and the Ravenscrag Formation (Palaeocene) in southwestern Saskatchewan are mineralogically immature lithic arenites and wackes. Volcanic rock fragments, which in the Frenchman Formation make up to 30% of the fraction coarser than 0.0625 mm, are less common in the Ravenscrag Formation, where quartz and carbonate rock fragments are significantly more abundant in the same size fraction. Sand composition is influenced by grain size in both formations. Over the range from 0.59–0.074 mm there is, in general, a decrease in the percentage of rock fragments and an increase in the percentage of quartz, with decreasing grain size. Although the Ravenscrag sands mostly are finer grained than those of the Frenchman, compositions of the fraction coarser than 0.0625 mm fall into separate but overlapping fields in a conventional quartz – feldspar – rock fragment (QFR) diagram. Differences, in terms of QFR ratios, between the formations, are clearer if compositions of limited size ranges (six size ranges between 0.59 and 0.074 mm) are considered, but there is still overlap. Significant compositional differences are obvious only when the relative amounts of different types of rock fragment are taken into account.Grain-size distributions of different components in the sands are, for the most part, the same in both formations, and reveal trends that are anticipated by studies of sand transport in modern streams. The proportions of quartz and detrital carbonate grains increase with decreasing grain size, whereas relative amounts of nonvolcanic rock fragments and chert decrease with decrease in grain size. Volcanic rock fragments and feldspar show an irregular increase with decreasing grain size in the Frenchman sands, and an increase followed by a decrease in the Ravenscrag sands. The differences in the latter two components between the sands of the two formations are attributed to a reduction in both the abundance and the variety of volcanic detritus supplied to the area in Palaeocene times.The bulk of the volcanic material in both formations likely was derived from western Montana. In particular, the Elkhorn Mountain Volcanics (Campanian) and the Adel Mountain Volcanics (Maastrichtian to ?Palaeocene) probably were important sources. The uplift of Palaeozoic carbonate rocks and Mesozoic clastic deposits in the Front Ranges of the Rocky Mountains may account for the relative reduction in supply of volcanic rock fragments and feldspar, and the increased contribution of detrital carbonate and quartz, to the sands of the Ravenscrag Formation.

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