A Current View of the Type II Syndrome: Age of Onset, Intellectual Impairment, and the Meaning of Structural Changes in the Brain

Recent interest in positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia is fuelled by the hope that this dichotomy will identify components with differing prognostic, therapeutic or pathogenetic significance. Correlations have been sought, and some found, in each of these areas. Yet the origin and definition of negative symptoms remain a matter of debate.

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Family burden in schizophrenia: the influence of age of onset and negative symptoms

Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy ◽

10.1590/2237-6089-2015-0082 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 96-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Lucas M. Mantovani ◽

Rodrigo Ferretjans ◽

Iara M. Marçal ◽

Amanda M. Oliveira ◽

Fernanda C. Guimarães ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Negative Symptoms ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Disease Onset ◽

Family Burden ◽

Positive Symptoms ◽

Subjective Burden ◽

Sociodemographic Variables ◽

Objective Burden ◽

Positive And Negative Symptoms

Abstract Objectives: To investigate the determinants of family burden in a sample of patients with schizophrenia and their caregivers. Methods: Thirty-one stable patients with schizophrenia and their main caregivers were recruited. Sociodemographic variables were assessed in a semi-structured interview, and positive and negative symptoms were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Cognitive performance was assessed with the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS). Levels of burden on caregivers were assessed with the Family Burden Interview Schedule (FBIS). Interactions among variables were analyzed using Pearson correlations and linear regression analysis. Results: Objective and subjective FBIS scores were 1.9 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.5) and 2.4 (SD = 0.6) respectively. Objective burden correlated positively with positive and negative symptoms, and cognitive impairment. Subjective burden correlated positively with positive symptoms and negatively with mean age of disease onset. Positive, negative and cognitive symptoms accounted for 47.6% of the variance of objective burden, with negative symptoms accounting independently for 30.3%. Age of onset, parents as caregivers and positive symptoms accounted for 28% of the variance of subjective burden, with age of onset independently explaining 20.3%. Conclusion: Patients' clinical and sociodemographic variables are important determinants of family burden in schizophrenia. Objective burden is predicted by symptoms, particularly negative ones. Subjective burden is predicted by symptoms and sociodemographic variables, particularly age of disease onset.

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the Comparred Effect of Zyprasidone and Haloperidol at Hippocampal and Frontal Cortex at Rats

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71393-8 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 24 (S1) ◽

pp. 1-1

Author(s):

D. Marinescu ◽

L. Mogoanta ◽

T. Udristoiu

Keyword(s):

Adverse Event ◽

Frontal Cortex ◽

Negative Symptoms ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Saline Solution ◽

Neuroprotective Effect ◽

Neuronal Loss ◽

D2 Receptors ◽

Cerebral Structure ◽

The Brain

Background:The alteration of hippocampal and prefrontal structures is linked with schizophrenia cognitive impairment and negative symptoms. the antipsychotics can induced apoptotic mechanisms correlated with the psychopharmacological mechanism of excesive blocking of the D2 receptors. Distress determined increase of the glucocorticoid aggression wich drive to the decrease of neuroprotective capacity at the brain level.Methods:We formed 5 study lots (5 adults rats) and a control lot. the substancies were administrated intraperitoneal, daily, saline solution equivalent to: ziprasidone (1.25mg/kg/day) and haloperidole (0.20mg/kg/day), dexametasone (0.20mg/kg/day):N1 - Haloperidole; N2 - Dexametasone; N3 - Ziprasidone; N4 - Dexametasone and Haloperidole; N5 - Dexametasone and Ziprasidone; N6 -control lot.We monitorised the cardiovascular function, respiration and EPS, without signaling any serious deadly adverse event. the rats were sacrificed during the 10th day and 21th day.Results:Frontal cortex and hippocamp were the most intensely affected even since the 10-th day to the N4 (haloperidole and dexametasone) lot with massive neuronal loss at the VI, V, and IV frontal cerebral layers.The lots treated with ziprasidone presented significant lesser structural changes in frontal cortex and hippocamp, comparative to haloperidole. the lots treated with dexametasone and ziprasidone (N5) are lesser affected at the cerebral structure level.Conclusions:Haloperidole has a significant decrease in neuroprotection. Ziprasidone demonstrated an neuroprotective effect.

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Beyond Control of Acute Exacerbation: Enhancing Affective and Cognitive Outcomes

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852900008142 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 8 (S2) ◽

pp. 16-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Herbert Y. Meltzer

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Negative Symptoms ◽

Cognitive Task ◽

Cognitive Outcomes ◽

Drug Induced ◽

Cognitive Improvement ◽

Rehabilitation Programs ◽

Cognitive Task Performance ◽

The Brain ◽

Positive And Negative Symptoms

ABSTRACTFrom the perspective of efficacy, the main advantages of the group of new antipsychotic drugs, including ziprasidone, clozapine, quetiapine, olanzapine, and risperidone, are their ability to improve cognitive function. Other advantages are more selective, eg, clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, while the advantages for positive and negative symptoms in neuroleptic responsive patients are modest and sometimes difficult to demonstrate. The advantage for cognitive function is important because of abundant evidence that cognitive function is a key predictor of work and social function acquisition. The drug-induced cognitive improvement can synergize with typical rehabilitation programs and more experimental cognitive retraining programs to optimize these areas of improvement. Improved cognition also has implications for better compliance and decreased caretaker burden. It is also important to consider the efficacy of antipsychotics to improve mood and negative symptoms and to provide a biological framework for their ability to achieve these advantages over typical neuroleptic drugs. This article will provide new data on efficacy of this class of drugs relative to each other and to typical neuroleptics. Current theories linking efficacy in cognition to unique effects on cortical dopaminergic and cholinergic function and improved patterns of connectivity in the brain during cognitive task performance will be discussed. Finally, pharmacologic strategies to augment affect and cognitive improvements due to the new antipsychotic drug therapies will be discussed.

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The role of limbic and cortical regions in schizophrenia: Focus on dopamine

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(03)00078-6 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 17 (S4) ◽

pp. 349s-354s

Author(s):

G. Marchese ◽

L. Pani

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Dopamine Receptors ◽

Negative Symptoms ◽

Atypical Antipsychotics ◽

Antipsychotic Drugs ◽

Selective Targeting ◽

Cortical Regions ◽

The Brain ◽

Positive And Negative Symptoms

SummaryDopamine is implicated in the pathogenesis of both the positive and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Clinical efficacy of antipsychotic drugs, without the production of side-effects, may be achieved by a dose–response separation of pharmacological function, regional (i.e., anatomical) selectivity of action, or by the selective targeting of neuroreceptors. The atypical antipsychotics have many different ways of acting on receptors in the brain, but they have in common a decreased likelihood of producing extrapyramidal side-effects. Patients respond well to them by showing improvements of both positive and negative symptoms. The preclinical profile of amisulpride shows specificity for D2/D3 dopamine receptors and selective activity in the limbic system. There is evidence that amisulpride is effective in treating both the negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia, and that it has a low propensity to induce motor side-effects. Therefore, both positive and negative symptoms can be treated, without inducing these side-effects, by selectively targeting dopamine receptors.

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Application of Scanning Electron Microscopy to Medical Research

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100061963 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 12-13

Author(s):

J. D. Hutchison

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Medical Research ◽

Prosthetic Heart Valve ◽

School Of Medicine ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Definition Of ◽

Mechanism Of Failure ◽

The Brain ◽

Scanning Electron

When the transmission electron microscope was commercially introduced a few years ago, it was heralded as one of the most significant aids to medical research of the century. It continues to occupy that niche; however, the scanning electron microscope is gaining rapidly in relative importance as it fills the gap between conventional optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.IBM Boulder is conducting three major programs in cooperation with the Colorado School of Medicine. These are the study of the mechanism of failure of the prosthetic heart valve, the study of the ultrastructure of lung tissue, and the definition of the function of the cilia of the ventricular ependyma of the brain.

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