scholarly journals Effective range of non-cell autonomous activator and inhibitor peptides specifying plant stomatal patterning

Development ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (17) ◽  
pp. dev192237
Author(s):  
Scott M. Zeng ◽  
Emily K. W. Lo ◽  
Bryna J. Hazelton ◽  
Miguel F. Morales ◽  
Keiko U. Torii
Keyword(s):  
Local Perturbation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Quantitative Characterization ◽  
The People ◽  
Signaling Peptides ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Secreted Peptides ◽  
Stomatal Patterning

ABSTRACTStomata are epidermal valves that facilitate gas exchange between plants and their environment. Stomatal patterning is regulated by the EPIDERMAL PATTERING FACTOR (EPF) family of secreted peptides: EPF1 enforces stomatal spacing, whereas EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE9 (EPFL9), also known as Stomagen, promotes stomatal development. It remains unknown, however, how far these signaling peptides act. Utilizing Cre-lox recombination-based mosaic sectors that overexpress either EPF1 or Stomagen in Arabidopsis cotyledons, we reveal a range within the epidermis and across the cell layers in which these peptides influence patterns. To determine their effective ranges quantitatively, we developed a computational pipeline, SPACE (stomata patterning autocorrelation on epidermis), that describes probabilistic two-dimensional stomatal distributions based upon spatial autocorrelation statistics used in astrophysics. The SPACE analysis shows that, whereas both peptides act locally, the inhibitor EPF1 exerts longer range effects than the activator Stomagen. Furthermore, local perturbation of stomatal development has little influence on global two-dimensional stomatal patterning. Our findings conclusively demonstrate the nature and extent of EPF peptides as non-cell autonomous local signals and provide a means for quantitative characterization of complex spatial patterns in development.This article has an associated ‘The people behind the papers’ interview.

scholarly journals Nature and effective range of non-cell autonomous activator and inhibitor peptides specifying plant stomatal patterning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Zeng ◽  
Emily K. W. Lo ◽  
Bryna J. Hazelton ◽  
Miguel F. Morales ◽  
Keiko U. Torii
Keyword(s):  
Local Perturbation ◽  
Spatial Patterning ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Computational Pipeline ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Signaling Peptides ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Summary Statement ◽  
Secreted Peptides ◽  
Stomatal Patterning

SummaryStomata are epidermal valves that facilitate gas exchange between plants and their environment. Stomatal patterning is regulated by EPIDERMAL PATTERING FACTOR (EPF)-family of secreted peptides: EPF1 enforcing stomatal spacing, whereas EPF-LIKE9, also known as Stomagen, promoting stomatal development. It remains unknown, however, how far these signaling peptides act. Utilizing Cre-Lox recombination-based mosaic sectors that overexpress either EPF1 or Stomagen in Arabidopsis cotyledons, we reveal a range within the epidermis and across the cell layers in which these peptides influence patterns. To quantitatively determine their effective ranges, we developed a computational pipeline, SPACE (Stomata Patterning AutoCorrelation on Epidermis), that describes probabilistic two-dimensional stomatal distributions based upon spatial autocorrelation statistics used in Astrophysics. The SPACE analysis shows that, whereas both peptides act locally, the inhibitor, EPF1, exerts longer-range effects than the activator, Stomagen. Furthermore, local perturbation of stomatal development has little influence on global two-dimensional stomatal patterning. Our findings conclusively demonstrate the nature and extent of EPF peptides as non-cell autonomous local signals and provides a means to quantitatively characterize complex spatial patterns in development.Summary StatementNon-cell autonomous effects of activator and inhibitor peptides on 2-D spatial patterning of stomata were quantitatively characterized using chimeric sectors and a SPACE computational pipeline.

scholarly journals Autocrine regulation of stomatal differentiation potential by EPF1 and ERECTA-LIKE1 ligand-receptor signaling

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingyun Qi ◽  
Soon-Ki Han ◽  
Jonathan H Dang ◽  
Jacqueline M Garrick ◽  
Masaki Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peptide Ligands ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Autocrine Regulation ◽  
Signaling Peptides ◽  
Multiple Signaling ◽  
Stomatal Patterning

Development of stomata, valves on the plant epidermis for optimal gas exchange and water control, is fine-tuned by multiple signaling peptides with unique, overlapping, or antagonistic activities. EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR1 (EPF1) is a founding member of the secreted peptide ligands enforcing stomatal patterning. Yet, its exact role remains unclear. Here, we report that EPF1 and its primary receptor ERECTA-LIKE1 (ERL1) target MUTE, a transcription factor specifying the proliferation-to-differentiation switch within the stomatal cell lineages. In turn, MUTE directly induces ERL1. The absolute co-expression of ERL1 and MUTE, with the co-presence of EPF1, triggers autocrine inhibition of stomatal fate. During normal stomatal development, this autocrine inhibition prevents extra symmetric divisions of stomatal precursors likely owing to excessive MUTE activity. Our study reveals the unexpected role of self-inhibition as a mechanism for ensuring proper stomatal development and suggests an intricate signal buffering mechanism underlying plant tissue patterning.

Quantitative Stereology and Image Analysis

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 202-205
Author(s):  
Ervin E. Underwood
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Polished Surface ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Quantitative Characterization ◽  
Electron Transmission ◽  
Quantitative Stereology ◽  
Basic Equations

Stereology is the study of the three-dimensional structure of materials from two-dimensional sections or projections. By suitable statistical measurements on the test plane or projection plane, and by utilizing the basic equations of stereology, the true three-dimensional quantities can be calculated. Such attributes of the structure as points P, lines L, surfaces S, volumes V, numbers N, as well as spacings, sizes, curvatures, etc. can be obtained without a priori assumptions.In this review, the basic relationships of quantitative stereology are summarized, both for opaque and transparent materials. Thus the image to be analyzed may derive from a photograph of a metallic polished surface or from an electron transmission micrograph obtained from a biological slice or replica. The complete quantitative characterization of the microstructure involves data obtained from both reflected images and transmitted (or projected) images. We will discuss the relationships applicable to each type of image, then show their interrelationships.

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