The Localization of β-Glucuronidase in the Early Chick Embryo

Development ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
F. Billett ◽  
Leela Mulherkar
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Mouse Liver ◽  
Histochemical Method ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
Drosophila Embryos

In vertebrate tissues there appears to be a connexion between β-glucuronidase and the proliferation of cells. This connexion was first noticed by Levvy, Kerr, & Campbell (1948) when they were investigating the effect of toxic compounds on mouse-liver glucuronidase. The early stages of embryonic development are characterized by rapid proliferations of cells and it is, therefore, of some interest to study the localization of β-glucuronidase during these stages. Small amounts of β-glucuronidase can be detected in the early embryos of Xenopus laevis (Billett, 1956) and in those of Drosophila melanogaster (Billett & Counce, unpublished). In these embryos no marked increase in the enzyme can be associated with the proliferation of cells. The large amount of yolk in the Xenopus and Drosophila embryos was a complicating factor in the above experiments. It was not possible to localize the enzyme in these embryos with a histochemical method.

Cytochemical Studies on the Embryonic Development of Drosophila melanogaster

1949 ◽  
Vol s3-90 (12) ◽  
pp. 401-409
Author(s):  
T. YAO
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Nucleic Acid Metabolism ◽  
Germ Band ◽  
Histochemical Evidence

In the egg of Drosophila the distribution of sulphydryl and ribonucleic acid compounds has no apparent connexion with the dorso-ventral organization, contrary to the situation found in the amphibian egg. Histochemical evidence suggests that the nucleic acid metabolism of the Drosophila egg may be similar to that of the chick embryo. During embryogenesis the contraction of the germ band can be considered as an important morphogenetic stage which marks the beginning of the histo-differentiation of all larval structures.

scholarly journals Specific interactions of chromatin with the nuclear envelope: positional determination within the nucleus in Drosophila melanogaster.

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 825-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
W F Marshall ◽  
A F Dernburg ◽  
B Harmon ◽  
D A Agard ◽  
J W Sedat
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Specific Interactions ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
Chromatin Proteins ◽  
Discrete Site ◽  
Large Stretch ◽  
Drosophila Embryos

Specific interactions of chromatin with the nuclear envelope (NE) in early embryos of Drosophila melanogaster have been mapped and analyzed. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, the three-dimensional positions of 42 DNA probes, primarily to chromosome 2L, have been mapped in nuclei of intact Drosophila embryos, revealing five euchromatic and two heterochromatic regions associated with the NE. These results predict that there are approximately 15 NE contacts per chromosome arm, which delimit large chromatin loops of approximately 1-2 Mb. These NE association sites do not strictly correlate with scaffold-attachment regions, heterochromatin, or binding sites of known chromatin proteins. Pairs of neighboring probes surrounding one NE association site were used to delimit the NE association site more precisely, suggesting that peripheral localization of a large stretch of chromatin is likely to result from NE association at a single discrete site. These NE interactions are not established until after telophase, by which time the nuclear envelope has reassembled around the chromosomes, and they are thus unlikely to be involved in binding of NE vesicles to chromosomes following mitosis. Analysis of positions of these probes also reveals that the interphase nucleus is strongly polarized in a Rabl configuration which, together with specific targeting to the NE or to the nuclear interior, results in each locus occupying a highly determined position within the nucleus.

scholarly journals Misexpression of BRE gene in the developing chick neural tube affects neurulation and somitogenesis

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 978-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Wang ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Xiao-Yu Wang ◽  
Manli Chuai ◽  
John Yeuk-Hon Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Early Chick Embryo

This is the first study of the role of BRE in embryonic development using early chick embryos. BRE is expressed in the developing neural tube, neural crest cells, and somites. BRE thus plays an important role in regulating neurogenesis and indirectly somitogenesis during early chick embryo development.

Effect of various inhibitors on several enzymes and other biochemical substances in chick embryo explants

Development ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-227
Author(s):  
R. W. Newburgh ◽  
Alice Clark ◽  
Audrey Wilson ◽  
Marion Scholz
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
The Media ◽  
Insight Into

Earlier studies in our laboratory indicated the predominance of pentose cycle activity in early embryos (Jolley, Cheldelin & Newburgh, 1959; Coffey, 1963). In addition a correlation was demonstrated between enzymes generating reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide and lipid synthesis (Bieber, Cheldelin & Newburgh, 1962; Baker & Newburgh, 1963). Since several of the biosynthetic pathways involve this compound, it is conceivable that in a rapidly growing system such as the early chick embryo enzymes generating TPNH may play a major rôle. We have chosen to use explants of chick embryos in an attempt to gain insight into the relation of changes of these enzymes with other chemical changes which may more directly relate to differentiation. These latter changes include synthesis of such macromolecules as DNA, RNA, hemoglobin, collagen and myosin. This method permits the addition of certain chemicals to the media such as substrates or inhibitors (Hayashi et al., 1959), allowing easy manipulation of the environment.

scholarly journals Nuclear antigens follow different pathways into daughter nuclei during mitosis in early Drosophila embryos

1986 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-172
Author(s):  
M. Frasch ◽  
D.M. Glover ◽  
H. Saumweber
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Immunofluorescence Microscopy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indirect Immunofluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Nuclear Antigens ◽  
Late Telophase ◽  
Drosophila Embryos

In the early embryonic development of Drosophila melanogaster, there is a series of 13 rapid and highly synchronous nuclear divisions. We have used a collection of monoclonal antibodies to follow the re-distribution of nuclear antigens into daughter nuclei at this developmental stage by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. The antigens fall into several categories in terms of the pathways that are followed at mitosis. At one extreme is a group of antigens that remains continuously associated with the DNA throughout all the mitotic phases. At the other extreme, another group of antigens is excluded from the nucleus at prophase, and does not associate with the nucleus again until late telophase. One antigen, which becomes incorporated into the nucleolus at cellularization after the thirteenth division, becomes associated with the chromosomes during mitosis, but not until anaphase. Several different antibodies stain a diamond-shaped compartment that develops over the spindle at anaphase. The distribution of antigens within this spindle compartment shows some variation: one antigen appears to be present at higher concentrations in the central region of the spindle; others appear in three quite distinct areas corresponding to the positions of the new daughter nuclei and the old parental nucleus. Yet another antibody gives uniform staining of the spindle compartment. This antibody also recognizes a protein present in centrosomes.

Live Confocal Analysis of Fertilization and Early Development

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1012-1013
Author(s):  
Uyen Tram ◽  
William Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Fluorescent Probes ◽  
Primary Defect ◽  
Fluorescent Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Event ◽  
Enormous Amount ◽  
Fluorescent Studies

Embryonic development is a dynamic event and is best studied in live animals in real time. Much of our knowledge of the early events of embryogenesis, however, comes from immunofluourescent analysis of fixed embryos. While these studies provide an enormous amount of information about the organization of different structures during development, they can give only a static glimpse of a very dynamic event. More recently real-time fluorescent studies of living embryos have become much more routine and have given new insights to how different structures and organelles (chromosomes, centrosomes, cytoskeleton, etc.) are coordinately regulated. This is in large part due to the development of commercially available fluorescent probes, GFP technology, and newly developed sensitive fluorescent microscopes. For example, live confocal fluorescent analysis proved essential in determining the primary defect in mutations that disrupt early nuclear divisions in Drosophila melanogaster. For organisms in which GPF transgenics is not available, fluorescent probes that label DNA, microtubules, and actin are available for microinjection.

scholarly journals Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Bibermair ◽  
Andrew N. Ostrovsky ◽  
Andreas Wanninger ◽  
Thomas Schwaha
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
The Body ◽  
Transcellular Transport ◽  
Cell Contacts ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Distal Side ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
Mesoderm Formation ◽  
Cytoplasmic Processes

AbstractBryozoa is a phylum of aquatic, colonial suspension-feeders within the Lophotrochozoa. In the Phylactolaemata embryonic development occurs in an internal brood sac on the body wall accompanied by extraembryonic nutrition. Owing to previous contradictive descriptions, many aspects of their sexual reproduction require restudy. Consequently, this study analyses embryogenesis of the freshwater bryozoan Plumatella casmiana by serial sections, 3D reconstruction and transmission electron microscopy. Early embryos cleave and soon develop into blastulae with a small central cavity. The mesoderm forms by delamination starting from the distal side towards the proximal end. In later embryos two polypides form on the posterior side that ultimately will be covered by a ciliated mantle in the larva. Embryos increase in size during development and form temporary cell contacts to the embryo sac. Mesodermal cells of the embryo sac show signs of transcellular transport indicating that embryos are nourished by transferring nutrients from the maternal coelom towards the brood cavity. This study clarifies several details such as mesoderm formation and the onset of bud development. Embryos are connected to their respective embryo sacs by a variety of temporary cytoplasmic processes formed by both tissues during embryogenesis, including a ‘placental’ ring zone. Although ultrastructural data of these cell contacts are not entirely conclusive about their function, we suggest that embryos absorb nutrients via the entire surface. The close opposition of embryos to the embryo sac implies placentation as matrotrophic mode in phylactolaemate bryozoans, with embryo sacs acting as placental analogues.

scholarly journals Unfolded protein response triggers differential apoptotic mechanisms in ovaries and early embryos exposed to maternal type 1 diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aslı Okan ◽  
Necdet Demir ◽  
Berna Sozen
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Early Embryonic Development ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Caspase 12 ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
Protein Response

AbstractDiabetes mellitus (DM) has profound effects on the female mammalian reproductive system, and early embryonic development, reducing female reproductive outcomes and inducing developmental programming in utero. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain poorly defined. Accumulating evidence implicates endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress with maternal DM associated pathophysiology. Yet the direct pathologies and causal events leading to ovarian dysfunction and altered early embryonic development have not been determined. Here, using an in vivo mouse model of Type 1 DM and in vitro hyperglycaemia-exposure, we demonstrate the activation of ER-stress within adult ovarian tissue and pre-implantation embryos. In diabetic ovaries, we show that the unfolded protein response (UPR) triggers an apoptotic cascade by the co-activation of Caspase 12 and Cleaved Caspase 3 transducers. Whereas DM-exposed early embryos display differential ER-associated responses; by activating Chop in within embryonic precursors and Caspase 12 within placental precursors. Our results offer new insights for understanding the pathological effects of DM on mammalian ovarian function and early embryo development, providing new evidence of its mechanistic link with ER-stress in mice.

scholarly journals Single and mixed exposure to cadmium and mercury in Drosophila melanogaster: Molecular responses and impact on post-embryonic development

2021 ◽  
Vol 220 ◽  
pp. 112377
Author(s):  
Laëtitia Frat ◽  
Thomas Chertemps ◽  
Élise Pesce ◽  
Françoise Bozzolan ◽  
Matthieu Dacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Molecular Responses ◽  
Mixed Exposure
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