Iodine Compounds and Fertilisation

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-201
Author(s):  
G. S. CARTER
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Iodine Compounds ◽  
Free Iodine ◽  
Length Of Life ◽  
A Current

1. The presence of thyroxine in a current of sea-water in which eggs of either E. esculentus or E. miliaris are being washed prolongs the fertilisable life of the eggs. 2. Under these conditions the fertilisable life of the eggs is of approximately the same length as that of eggs which are aerated in a small quantity of sea-water. 3. Des-iodo-thyroxine and free iodine also prolong the life of eggs, when they are present in the medium, but the prolongation produced by them is much less than that produced by thyroxine. No other of several chemical substances related to thyroxine produce this effect. Changes in the hydrogen-ion concentration of the medium between pH 7.2 and 9.4 have very little effect upon the length of life of the eggs. 4. It is concluded that the component of the secretions which is essential to the activation of the egg can be replaced by thyroxine, and is therefore the same as the component which produces effects similar to those of thyroxine on the oxygen consumption of the sperm. It is also concluded that it is probable that this substance, besides being similar to thyroxine in physiological action, is related to it in chemical structure.

Iodine Compounds and Fertilisation

1932 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-248
Author(s):  
G. S. CARTER
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Iodine Compounds ◽  
A Current

1. The development of eggs of E. esculentus or E. miliaris which have been washed in a current of sea-water until they are becoming unfertilisable is improved by later treatment with egg-water or solutions of thyroxine in sea-water. The secretions and thyroxine improve the development of the eggs to about the same extent. 2. The improvement may be produced by egg-water of the opposite species. 3. These effects are due to action on the egg and not on the sperm. 4. The development of unripe eggs is also improved by treatment with egg-water or thyroxine. 5. None of these effects are due to variations of the hydrogen-ion concentration or osmotic pressure.

scholarly journals The Hydrogen-ion Concentration of Sea Water

Nature ◽  
1923 ◽  
Vol 111 (2778) ◽  
pp. 132-133
Author(s):  
J. J.
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration

scholarly journals The Hydrogen Ion Concentration of Sea Water in its Relation to Photosynthetic Changes

1924 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. G. Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Cresol Red

The present paper is a continuation of the work already published under the above general title and should be considered in relation to the results previously recorded. The method of performing the measurements remained unchanged; xylenol blue was used to check the determinations made with cresol red in the more alkaline regions—namely, around pH 8.24. The water was tested immediately after being drawn, or within a few hours, unless otherwise stated in the tables.

scholarly journals THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATION OF FISHES IN RELATION TO THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF THE MEDIUM

1922 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin B. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Marine Fishes ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Alkaline Reserve ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Low Tension

1. The ability of marine fishes to absorb oxygen at low tension from the sea water is more or less dependent upon the hydrogen ion concentration of the water. 2. The ability of fishes to withstand wide variations in the range of hydrogen ion concentration of the sea water can be correlated with their habitats. The fishes that are most resistant to a wide variation in the hydrogen ion concentration are most cosmopolitan in their habitat. Those that are least resistant to a variation in the hydrogen ion concentration are the most restricted in their range of habitat. 3. There is a close correlation between the optimum condition of the sea water for the absorption of oxygen at low tension by the herring (Clupea pallasii), the condition of the sea water to which they react positive and that in which they are found most abundantly. 4. It is suggested that the variation in the ability to absorb oxygen at low tension at a given pH of individuals of a species is dependent upon the alkaline reserve of the blood of the individual fish.

scholarly journals The Hydrogen Ion Concentration of Sea Water in its Relation to Photosynthetic Changes. Part II

1923 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. G. Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Equal Degree

In the first publication under the above general title the seasonal changes in sea water were studied, but as explained previously it was not possible to regard all the data as of an equal degree of accuracy. For this and other reasons the seasonal changes were further traced in the hydrographical cruises up to October, 1922, when the approach of the winter equilibrium made it profitless for some months to continue. Since, however, at times from April to September the changes are relatively rapid it may be advisable to follow up the matter during the period mentioned at shorter intervals.

scholarly journals STIMULATION OF FUNDULUS BY HYDROCHLORIC AND FATTY ACIDS IN FRESH WATER, AND BY FATTY ACIDS, MINERAL ACIDS, AND THE SODIUM SALTS OF MINERAL ACIDS IN SEA WATER

1934 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 803-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Allison ◽  
William H. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Mineral Acids ◽  
Effective Hydrogen ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Fundulus heteroclitus was found to be a reliable experimental animal for studies on chemical stimulation in either fresh or sea water. 2. The response of Fundulus to hydrochloric, acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, and caproic acids was determined in fresh water, while the same acids plus sulfuric and nitric, as well as the sodium salts of the mineral acids, were tested in sea water. 3. Stimulation of Fundulus by hydrochloric acid in fresh water is correlated with the effective hydrogen ion concentration. Stimulation by the n-aliphatic acids in the same environment is correlated with two factors, the effective hydrogen ion concentration and the potential of the non-polar group in the molecule. However, as the number of CH2 groups increases the stimulating effect increases by smaller and smaller amounts, approaching a maximum value. 4. Stimulation of Fundulus by hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric acids in sea water is correlated with the forces of primary valence which in turn are correlated with the change in hydrogen ion concentration of the sea water. The n-aliphatic acids increase in stimulating efficiency in sea water as the length of the carbon chain increases, but a limiting value is not reached as soon as in fresh water. 5. Only a slight difference in stimulation by hydrochloric acid is found in sea water and in fresh water. However, there is a significant difference in stimulation by the fatty acids in fresh and in sea water, which is partly explained by the different buffering capacities of the two media. It is to be noted that in the same environment two different fish, Fundulus and Eupomotis, give different results, while the same fish (Fundulus) in two different environments responds similarly to mineral acids but differently to fatty acids. These results illustrate that stimulation is a function of the interaction between environment and receptors, and that each is important in determining the response. 6. Stimulation by sodium chloride, nitrate, and sulfate is correlated with equivalent concentrations of the salts added to sea water, or with the forces of primary valence. Although the threshold for stimulation by the salts is considerably higher than for the acids, the efficiency of stimulation by the salts is greater.

scholarly journals On the Vertical Mixing of Sea-Water and its Importance for the Algal Plankton

1924 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. G. Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Thermal Stratification ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Phosphate Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
English Channel ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration

1. Measurements of hydrogen ion concentration, of phosphate concentration, and of temperature all show at certain seasons a well-marked gradient from surface to bottom. The upper 10–20 metres is more alkaline, notably depleted of phosphates and warmer.2. Settled summer weather and deep water, free from irregularities of the bottom, favour the formation of such a gradient. Its breaking up is occasioned by wave action and the cooling of the surface water in autumn.3. Thermal stratification in the English Channel arises at each station, and is not due to the inflow of warm over colder water.

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