The Status of Abiotic Components in Aquatic Environment of Khaste Lake, Pokhara

Water is one of the most significant natural resources. In plants and animals, different physiological processes like respiration, photosynthesis, absorption of nutrients and other metabolic process get influenced by the amount of availability of water. This study has been conducted to evaluate water quality of Khaste Lake, Pokhara. After the collection of water samples, chemical parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), free carbon dioxide (F-CO2), hydrogen ion concentration (pH), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), total solid (TS), total dissolved solid (TDS), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and chloride ions (Cl-) have been measured in the chemistry laboratory, using standard methods prescribed by American Public Health Association (APHA, 1999) whereas the depth, transparency and temperature have been measured on the spot. The obtained values of physico-chemical parameters have been compared with the criteria of World Health Organization (WHO) and other lakes. The research reveals that all the abiotic components of the Khaste Lake meet the WHO standard of water quality. This research work concludes that the water quality of Khaste Lake is much less polluted and suitable for all the aquatic lives so far. Discharge of domestic sewage, use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture fields and other solid waste dumps can be the major threats for sustainability of the lakes. Awareness to the public and continual management need to be done to prevent the possibility of pollution and eutrophication process.

Spatial and Monthly Changes in Interstitial Water Physico-Chemistry of Bodo Creek

Water plays a key role in the survival, growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms. Therefore maintaining good quality of water physico-chemical parameters would ensure optimum productivity of aquatic fauna. The study evaluated water physical and chemical parameters (temperature, hydrogen ion concentration (pH), conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of Bodo Creek. Sample was collected for 5 months (July 2020 – November 2020) at locations previously studied (before-spill baseline studies, 3 years, 5 years, and 7 years after-spill); by using the sampling methods used in previous studies. Spatially, there was no statistically significant difference in temperature (p > 0.05 = 0.997), pH (p > 0.05 = 0.496), DO (p > 0.05= 0.34) and BOD (p > 0.05 = 0.644). However, the difference in conductivity between the stations was statistically significant (p < 0.05 = 0.006). On monthly basis, there was a significant difference in temperature (p < 0.05 = 0.000) and pH (p < 0.05 = 0.005). In contrast, there was no statistically significant difference in conductivity (p > 0.05 = 0.633), DO (p > 0.05 = 0.559) and BOD (p > 0.05 = 0.75). Most of the physico-chemical parameters were not within the WHO recommended levels for the survival of aquatic lives, indicating a high level of environmental pollution in Bodo Creek. This study provides dataset for future evaluation of the water physico-chemistry of Bodo Creek.

Tramadol injection as dosage form -Induced deterioration in reproductive performance of male rabbits

Injections are usually more expensive than tablets, but they may be required less often since they are more concentrated, whereas a person may need to take a tablet more regularly, thus consuming a large volume. when we administer a drug via oral rout ,its meant to be absorbed by stomach or intestinal mucosa ,but its so happens that, gastric acid, food ,other drugs and many other factor come into the play and retarded the drug absorption ,metabolized in intestinal mucosal cells even before it can reach to liver or target tissue(first-pass metabolism)thus decrease the effective amount reaching to circulation, Now, a drug given through injection reaches circulation at cent percent level and show prompt action which is earnestly required at the moment ,it also decrease the dose and systemic side effects . also the tablets formulation contain the excipient like filler ,diluents for the purpose of long -term stabilization ,bulking up tablet formulations making concentration of drug less in tablets and need more dose to give the therapeutic action. Tramadol is a potent analgesic effective in the treatment of mild to severe pains. However, the use of the drug can pose a threat to other organs and systems. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effect of tramadol injection as dosage form on reproductive parameters in male rabbits. Tenth rabbits were randomly divided into two equal groups (each group five rabbits). The first group was used as a control. The second group was used to study the effect of tramadol (50 mg/kg body weight) for six weeks. Results obtained showed that tramadol significantly (P<0.05) decreased libido (by increasing the reaction time), ejaculate volume, sperm concentration ,total sperm output, sperm motility (%), total motile sperm per ejaculate (TMS), packed sperm volume (PSV), total functional sperm fraction (TFSF), normal and live sperm and semen initial fructose. While initial hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and dead and abnormal sperm were increased (P<0.05). Live body weight (LBW) and relative weights of testes (RTW) were significantly (P<0.05) decreased. Concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were significantly (P<0.05) increased in plasma of rabbits treated with tramadol compared with control. The study showed the harmful effects of tramadol on the reproductive performance on male rabbits. Keywords: Tramadol Injection; Rabbits; Semen; Testosterone

An Investigation of Some Aspects of the Coordination Chemistry of Synthetic Macroheterocyclic Ligands

<p>The preparation of a range of fully saturated, unsubstituted pentaazamacrocycles is described. The macrocycles vary in ring size from fifteen to twenty members, and comprise every possible arrangement of dimethylene and trimethylene linkages between five nitroqens in a monocyclic arrangement. A new linear homologue of tetraethylene pentamine with trimethylene linkages between nitrogens is also reported. The copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes of these amines have been prepared; the conductivity and spectral properties have been determined in order to investigate their stereochemistry. The nickel(II) complexes of the two largest macrocycles appear to be five-coordinate both in the solid state and in solution. The remainder of the complexes are either five-coordinate (as the perchlorate salts in the solid state or in non-coordinating solvents) or six-coordinate (with a coordinated nitrate). Cobalt(III) complexes of the fifteen to eighteen membered macrocycles have been prepared with a variety of ligands occupying the sixth coordination site. Ligand field parameters have been derived from the electronic spectra of the complexes. The stereochemistry of the complexes and their behaviour on ligand substitution have been investigated principally by 13C n.m.r. Only a few of the numerous possible isomers of each species were formed. The structures of [Co(1, 4, 7, 10, 14-pentaazacycloheptadecane) Cl]Br0.33 Cl1.67. H2O and [Co(1, 4, 7, 11, 15-pentaazacyclooctadecane)Br]Br2, which were determined by single-crystal x-ray diffraction studies, are described. The spontaneous aquation rates of the bromo complexes have been investigated semi-quantitatively, and found to span many orders of magnitude. The most labile bromo complex [Co(1, 4, 8, 11, 15-pentaazacyclooctadecane)Br]Br2 spontaneously aquates in a matter of seconds at room temperature. The increasing strain and steric crowding caused by successive replacement of five-membered chelate rings by six-membered chelate rings, or by simply altering the sequence of five- and six-membered chelate rings is manifested in a progressive increase in the instability of the complexes. In the case of the nineteen- and twenty-membered macrocycles, this crowding and strain results in the formation of stable five-coordinate cobalt(II) complexes; for these ligands, no stable complexes were formed with the smaller cobalt(III) cation. The acid-dissociation kinetics of the copper(II) complexes have been examined in nitric acid at 298 K. A variable temperature study has also been performed on the complex of l, 4, 7, 10, 14-pentaazacycloheptadecane in order to determine the activation parameters. The complexes are labile by comparison with most tetraazamacrocyclic complexes. The dissociation reactions are first-order in complex concentration, but the acid-dependence varies. The observed rate constant is second-order in hydrogen ion concentration for the complex of 1, 4, 7, 10, 13-pentaazacyclopentadecane, first-order in hydrogen ion concentration for 1, 4, 7, 10, 14-pentaazacycloheptadecane and takes the form kobs = a[H+]2/(l+b[H+]2) for the complex of 1, 4, 7, 10, 13-pentaazacyclohexadecane. For the remainder of the complexes, the observed rate constant takes the form kobs = (c[H+] + d[H+]2)/(e + [H+]). Possible mechanisms that are consistent with the above behaviour are presented.</p>

An Investigation of Some Aspects of the Coordination Chemistry of Synthetic Macroheterocyclic Ligands

<p>The preparation of a range of fully saturated, unsubstituted pentaazamacrocycles is described. The macrocycles vary in ring size from fifteen to twenty members, and comprise every possible arrangement of dimethylene and trimethylene linkages between five nitroqens in a monocyclic arrangement. A new linear homologue of tetraethylene pentamine with trimethylene linkages between nitrogens is also reported. The copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes of these amines have been prepared; the conductivity and spectral properties have been determined in order to investigate their stereochemistry. The nickel(II) complexes of the two largest macrocycles appear to be five-coordinate both in the solid state and in solution. The remainder of the complexes are either five-coordinate (as the perchlorate salts in the solid state or in non-coordinating solvents) or six-coordinate (with a coordinated nitrate). Cobalt(III) complexes of the fifteen to eighteen membered macrocycles have been prepared with a variety of ligands occupying the sixth coordination site. Ligand field parameters have been derived from the electronic spectra of the complexes. The stereochemistry of the complexes and their behaviour on ligand substitution have been investigated principally by 13C n.m.r. Only a few of the numerous possible isomers of each species were formed. The structures of [Co(1, 4, 7, 10, 14-pentaazacycloheptadecane) Cl]Br0.33 Cl1.67. H2O and [Co(1, 4, 7, 11, 15-pentaazacyclooctadecane)Br]Br2, which were determined by single-crystal x-ray diffraction studies, are described. The spontaneous aquation rates of the bromo complexes have been investigated semi-quantitatively, and found to span many orders of magnitude. The most labile bromo complex [Co(1, 4, 8, 11, 15-pentaazacyclooctadecane)Br]Br2 spontaneously aquates in a matter of seconds at room temperature. The increasing strain and steric crowding caused by successive replacement of five-membered chelate rings by six-membered chelate rings, or by simply altering the sequence of five- and six-membered chelate rings is manifested in a progressive increase in the instability of the complexes. In the case of the nineteen- and twenty-membered macrocycles, this crowding and strain results in the formation of stable five-coordinate cobalt(II) complexes; for these ligands, no stable complexes were formed with the smaller cobalt(III) cation. The acid-dissociation kinetics of the copper(II) complexes have been examined in nitric acid at 298 K. A variable temperature study has also been performed on the complex of l, 4, 7, 10, 14-pentaazacycloheptadecane in order to determine the activation parameters. The complexes are labile by comparison with most tetraazamacrocyclic complexes. The dissociation reactions are first-order in complex concentration, but the acid-dependence varies. The observed rate constant is second-order in hydrogen ion concentration for the complex of 1, 4, 7, 10, 13-pentaazacyclopentadecane, first-order in hydrogen ion concentration for 1, 4, 7, 10, 14-pentaazacycloheptadecane and takes the form kobs = a[H+]2/(l+b[H+]2) for the complex of 1, 4, 7, 10, 13-pentaazacyclohexadecane. For the remainder of the complexes, the observed rate constant takes the form kobs = (c[H+] + d[H+]2)/(e + [H+]). Possible mechanisms that are consistent with the above behaviour are presented.</p>

Corrosion Behavior of Thermal Seamless Carbon Steel Boiler Pipes

The current study was absorbed on corrosion of ASTM A106 grade B -02 seamless carbon steel boiler pipes. Beyond corrosion experiments in corrosive medium with varying pH values, the weight lost in addition to corrosion rate (m.p.y) values were computed. The weight loss of boiler tube specimens exposed to corrosive liquid was shown to rise as the exposure period of the specimens increased. The results of the microstructure imaging showed that a de-carburized film of 240 µm thickness was shaped on the fireside of the pipe boiler, with ferrite and a few phases of pearlite. On the water lateral side, it was revealed that boiler pipe failure begins with small rust particles that expand to greater sizes and form scales that are displaced from the boiler pipe's surface. On the surfaces of the boiler pipe water side, several pits with crevice corrosion were observed. The corrosion amounts were discovered to decrease when the specimens' exposure time to corrosive environments and hydrogen ion concentration contents increased (pH). The findings of mechanical characteristic values such as hardness, yield strength, and tensile strength revealed that the waterside had higher values than the fireside, while the middle of the pipe had reasonable values. The findings also demonstrated that at low pH values, a tiny size of rust was created on the boiler tube specimen surface. However, at high pH values of corrosive medium, big sizes of corrosion rust were observed on the specimen surfaces.

Impacts of Environmental Parameters on the Infectivity of Freshwater Snail

The successful transmission of the infective stage of the parasite (miracidia) depends on different factors. These free-living stages miracidia rely on their own stored energy and are directly exposed to environmental factors including disturbance resulting from pollution and human activities. There are different environmental factors that affect the cercarial infection of the snail. These include pH, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, water hardness, habitat conditions, presence of predators and competitors, etc. Each of these factors may increase or decrease the freshwater snail’s infectivity. The more hydrogen ion concentration in the aquatic habitat could have an effect on the maturation and physiology of the parasitic stage (miracidia), leading to impaired survival and reduced infectivity. In contrast, high temperature increases snail infectivity. While low dissolved oxygen in the aquatic environment results in low snail infectivity. Regarding the presence of predators can result in low snail infectivity by consuming the schistosome egg and the snails themselves. Total hardness also had a negative impact on the prevalence of snail infection. The hardness of the water results in the shell hardening of snails subsequently leads to low infection of snail by miracidia.

Development of Real Time Arsenic Heavy Metal Concentration Monitoring System

This paper focuses on the ongoing development of real-time monitoring system with implementing the Internet of Things (IoT) element for arsenic heavy metal concentration in paddy field using pH sensor for data collection. The pH sensor will detect the hydrogen ion concentration from the prepared soil put in pot contained with various arsenic concentration. The developed system is then compared with the pH sensor in the market to verify its accuracy and sensitivity. The collected data will be transferred wirelessly into data cloud so that it can store the previous and current reading data. Besides, the system’s function is also to ensure the safeness of paddy plant to be planted with knowing the right amount of arsenic concentration can be passed.

Effects of Diluent pH on Enrichment and Performance of Dairy Goat X/Y Sperm

In this paper, on the basis of the differences in the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of the diluent dairy goat semen on X/Y sperm motility, an X/Y sperm enrichment study was conducted to establish a simple and effective method for gender control in dairy goats. Dairy goat semen was diluted using different pH dilutions and was incubated. Then, the X/Y sperm ratio in the isolated upper sperm was determined using the double TaqMan qPCR method. The internal pH change pattern of sperm cells at different pH dilutions was measured using BCECF-AM probe, and the functional parameters of the isolated sperm were tested with the corresponding kit. Next, an in vitro fertilization test was conducted using isolated spermatozoa and oocytes to determine their fertilization rates, the percentages of female embryos, and the expression of genes related to developing potentially fertilized embryos. Results showed that the percentages of the X sperm cells in the upper sperm layer were 67.24% ± 2.61% at sperm dilution pH of 6.2 and 30.45% ± 1.03% at sperm dilution pH of 7.4, which was significantly different from 52.35% ± 1.72% of the control group (pH 6.8) (P &lt; 0.01). Results also showed that there is a relationship between the external pHo and internal pHi of sperm cells. Furthermore, the percentages of female embryos after the in vitro fertilization of the isolated upper sperm with mature oocytes at pH 6.2 and 7.4 were 66.67% ± 0.05 and 29.73% ± 0.04%, respectively, compared with 48.57% ± 0.02% in the control group (pH 6.8). Highly significant differences occurred between groups (P &lt; 0.01). Additionally, no significant difference was observed during the expression of genes related to embryonic development between the blastocysts formed from sperm isolated by changing the pH of the diluent and the control sperm (P &gt; 0.05). Therefore, this study successfully established a simple and effective method for enriched X/Y sperms from dairy goats, which is important for regulating the desired sex progeny during dairy goat breeding and for guiding dairy goat production.

Seasonal Fluctuations of Physicochemical Characteristics of Selected Wetlands of Kogi State, North Central, Nigeria

This study is aimed at determining the physicochemical characteristics of selected wetlands of Kogi State. From each sampled wetlands (Abu’ja and Egwubi), surface water was collected and examined for the following physicochemical parameters: hydrogen ion concentration, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and temperature (0C) using Hanna meter. Dissolved oxygen was determined using dissolved oxygen meter. The data collected was analyzed using the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences version 20.0, Paleontological Statistics version 3.14 and Microsoft Office. Physicochemical parameters studied were not normally distributed from test of normality. They were compared using Man-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H nonparametric tests for comparisons between two and more than two groups respectively. In Abu’ja wetland, the temperature for all the months were similar except for January and December which were significantly cooler (p < 0.05); pH was similarly constant except for January and August (p < 0.05). Dissolved solids ranged from 95 to 118 ppm with similar values between months except in March. Mean electrical conductivity ranged from 0.15 to 0.22 ms/cm. These values were similar between months in Abu’ja. Significant fluctuation occurred in dissolved oxygen on monthly basis. In Egwubi study station, temperature ranged from 20oC to 31 oC, significant difference occurred between January and May and between September and November (p < 0.05), pH was also similar between months. Dissolved solids ranged from 26 to 90 ppm. Electrical conductivity ranged from 0.2 to 0.14 ms/cm. Significant differences only occurred between April and August (p < 0.05). Dissolved oxygen was similar throughout the study period. Our result indicated that the essential minerals and other physiochemical parameters are widely distributed but some are not within the normal range of portable water for humans. Both study wetlands showed low pollution, organic waste in Abu'ja site may be handled by autochthonous bacteria and through self purification of the water body. Nutrient levels are high in wetland habitats as wetlands have rich biomes and support high level of biodiversity. The water is suitable for irrigation and livestock consumption. The presence of the plankton is a pointer to the fact that the two wetlands possess adequate water quality for establishment of great biodiversity.