On the carbonate number of blood plasma as an indicator of alkaline reserve

Dr W. Ph. J akim off (Kasan). Ueberjdie Karbonatzahl des Blut plasma als ein Index der Alkalireserve. Die Bestimmung der Karbonatzahl in 1 ccm. PlasmaC, angestellt an klinisch Gesunden und Kranken nach der von Rohonyi vorgesch lagenen Methode (Miinch. med. W., 1920, № 5), zeigte bei Gesunden C= 1,41 im Mittel. mit Schwankungen von 1,24 bis 1,64. Bei leichter Mus kelarbeit fallt C auf 0,26, bei schwacheren Personenauf 0,4 (17%). Kranke mit diffusen Nierenerkrankungen zeigen erhebliche Abweichung des C Wertes zur Azidose0,98 (32% unter der Norm). Bei Sublimatniere im Anuriestadium noch grossere Abweichung zur AzidoseC=0,71 (50%). Bei Kranken mit Hyperchlor-und Hypersekretionserscheinungen steigt der C Wert1,54 (9% uber der Norm). In dieser Krankengruppe steigt C unter Einfluss der Magensekretion auf 19%. Bei Gesunden ist die Magen sekretion ohne Einfluss auf den C-Wert

Iatrogenic alkalosis in goats with the use of intravenous electrolyte solution containing 84 mEq/L of lactate

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the alkalinizing potential of an intravenous polyionic solution containing 84 mEq/L of lactate on hydroelectrolyte and acid-base balances in healthy goats.Four solutions, containing 28 and 84 mEq/L of lactate (L28 and L84) or bicarbonate (B28 and B84), were formulated. Six healthy Saanen goats were used. All four solutions were infused intravenously in each animal, one at a time, with an interval of 4-5 days between the infusions, at a speed of 33.3 mL/kg/h and totaling a volume equivalent to 10% of their body weight, in 3 h of continuous administration. Samples of venous blood and urine were collected at 0h (start of the infusion), 1.5h (middle of the infusion), 3h (end of the infusion), and 4.5h, 6h, and 24 h from the start of the infusion. The laboratory tests includeddetermination of blood pH, pCO2,HCO3 -, base excess (BE), Na+, K+, Cl-, total plasmatic protein, L-lactate, and creatinine. In urine samples, pH, Na+, K+, Cl-, L-lactate, and creatinine were measured. The L28 solution, equivalent to lactated Ringer’s solution, caused a slight increase in the alkaline reserve and did not change the electrolyte balance. The L84 solution resulted in a greater increase in the alkaline reserve, equivalent to the B84 solution, with return to baseline values within 24 h from the start of the infusion.The L84 solution proved to be safe and produced iatrogenic alkalization when infused into healthy goats, without causing side effects.

Characterisation and durability of contemporary unsized Xuan paper

In China, Xuan paper has been the paper of choice as artwork support and for conservation, for several centuries. However, little is known about its material properties, especially given the many grades of sized and unsized Xuan paper. In addition, there is a lack of information on its degradation. In this research, a selection of contemporary unsized Xuan papers was investigated, representing diverse raw materials. Seven out of twelve contemporary unsized Xuan papers were determined to be approximately neutral and contain > 2% alkaline reserve, indicating good durability. Viscometry was used to determine the degree of polymerisation (DP) as none of the samples gave significant reactions to the phloroglucinol spot test. The average DP of ten contemporary unsized Xuan papers is ~ 1700, excluding two papers that have presumably been sun-bleached, and that exhibit significantly lower DP. Using X-ray fluorescence, it can be demonstrated that Ca and Si are the dominant elements and interestingly, Ca content is directly correlated with ash content and with alkaline reserve. Accelerated degradation was performed at two sets of environmental conditions, i.e. 90 °C, 30% RH and 60 °C, 70% RH, and the established degradation rates agreed with the Collections Demography model of paper degradation meaning that degradation of Xuan papers proceeds in the same way as other types of paper. This research gives fundamental insights into contemporary unsized Xuan papers, which exhibit good stability during accelerated degradation despite the low starting DP in the context of the samples used in this study. Our findings may inform methods of Xuan paper production, selection of Xuan paper for conservation purposes, as well as preventive conservation of Xuan paper-based artefacts.

Non-destructive Analyses of 16th Century Documents

The aim of the present study was to obtain spectral data (FTIR, UV-Vis and fluorescence) from five paper specimens taken from documents made between 1517-1609 that are in the custody of Carol I�Central University Library. The samples were chosen in an effort to characterize and better understand the paper composition and origin in order to have more information to enable comparison and identification with documents from same period. Gelatine content, cellulose type, crystallinity index, degradation degree and presence of calcium (as alkaline reserve) were determined by UV-Vis, FTIR and fluorescence spectrometry.

Influence of the Alkaline Reserve of Chloride-Contaminated Mortars on the 6-Year Corrosion Behavior of Corrugated UNS S32304 and S32001 Stainless Steels

The durability of two lean corrugated duplex stainless steel (UNS S32304 and S32001) bars manufactured for concrete reinforcement was studied in four different corrosive conditions. These duplex stainless steels are more economical than the most traditional, well-known duplex grade steels (UNS S32205). The research was carried out in mortar samples for six years. In half of the samples, the alkaline reserve had been previously decreased, and their pH was slightly below 12, while in the other half, the pH close to the bars remained as-manufactured. Moreover, there were samples with modified and non-modified alkaline reserve where chlorides had been previously added to the mortar which were exposed to high relative humidity. In other samples—which were partially immersed in 3.5% NaCl—the chlorides entered through the mortar by natural diffusion. The electrochemical behavior of the reinforcements in these conditions was periodically monitored through corrosion potential (Ecorr) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements during the whole testing period. The samples were anodically polarized at the end of the exposure. The results prove that the decrease in the alkaline reserve of the mortars can affect the corrosion behavior of the studied lean duplex in environments with high chloride concentrations. The duplex microstructure of the reinforcements makes it so that the corrosion proceeds by selective attack of the phases.

THE EFFICIENCY OF DRUG TSIMAKTIN USING FOR THE PREVENTION OF COWS POSTPARTUM COMPLICATIONS

The purpose of researches is rising of efficiency of prophylaxis of cows patrimonial and puerperal pathologies. The current of cows labors and the puerperal period when using homeopathic medicine is studied Tsimaktin. It is estab-lished that drug Tsimaktin use reduces duration of cows current of labors in comparison with control by 1.87 hours. An involution of body and horns of experienced group uterus animals came to the end for 11.35 days earlier. Dis-turbances of involutional processes of control group cows reproductive organs to whom use didn't administer the drug 20% more Tsimaktin than at animals of experienced group. It is taped that drug Tsimaktin raises the morpho-functional status of cows organism that is confirmed by hematological and biochemical indicators of blood. The hemoglobin content, erythrocytes in control group cows blood after calvin was reliable less, than indicators of ani-mals of experienced group respectively on 15.09 g/l and on 1.94 1012 l. The indicator of the general protein in blood serum of experienced group cows is 2.69 g/l more than at cows of control group. The quantity of β-globulins after the delivery are more for cows of control group in comparison with experienced for 7,33% that indicates existence of inflammatory process in an organism of animals. Control group cows for 4-5 day the atsidotichesk state was after the delivery observed what the smaller indicator of an alkaline reserve on 3.38 ob%CO2 testifies to. Use of homeopathic medicine Tsimaktin in 25-30 days prior to labors allowed to raise cows fecundity and to reduce the number of days of sterility. Use of this drug is ecologically safe and allows to use milk without restrictions. On the basis of the conducted researches drug Tsimaktin can be recommended for prophylaxis of puerperal complications at cows.

Oops, I thought that those books had been deacidified

Major libraries have been placing increasing reliance upon non-aqueous mass deacidification in an effort to avoid hydrolytic decomposition of the cellulose during storage of bound volumes. Such decomposition is especially a problem when the printing papers used in manufacture of the books have been prepared under acidic conditions, using aluminum sulfate. But there is reason to doubt that the widely used non-aqueous treatments, in which “alkaline reserve” particles are deposited in the void spaces of the paper, can achieve neutralization of acidity throughout the paper structure under the conditions most commonly used for treatment and storage. Anecdotal evidence suggests that alkaline particles such as CaCO3, MgO, Mg(OH)2, or ZnO can be present for long periods of time adjacent to acidic parts of cellulosic fibers without neutralization of the acidity, especially the acidity within the fibers. If these phenomena can be better understood, then there may be an opportunity to use a high-humidity treatment of certain “deacidified” books in order to achieve more pervasive protection against acid-induced degradation.

Distribution of Acidity and Alkalinity on Degraded Manuscripts Containing Iron Gall Ink

Long-time preservation of manuscripts depends on the stability of their support. One of the most important degradation processes of paper manuscripts containing iron gall ink is the acid hydrolysis of cellulose. The heterogeneity of the distribution of their constituent materials, together with the defined position of ink as a source of degradation agents, makes it difficult to obtain reliable and detailed information about degradation processes. The aim of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of the acid degradation process by looking at the distribution of relevant variables (pH, acidity and alkaline reserve) on real untreated iron gall ink containing manuscripts at different degradation stages. The study discusses the well-known differences between surface and cold extraction pH determination. It corroborates the relationship between pH, acidity and alkalinity and degradation stages, pointing out that acidity values for some manuscripts in apparent good condition are not far from those obtained for degraded manuscripts. The results indicate that in some partially degraded manuscripts, the coexistence of acid areas and areas with an alkaline reserve which do not participate in the neutralization process is possible. The role of water as a solvent for this equilibrium has also been evaluated.