Acid-base and electrolyte status in carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to low environmental pH

1981 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-80
Author(s):  
G. R. Ultsch ◽  
M. E. Ott ◽  
N. Heisler
Keyword(s):  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Base Loss ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Electrolyte Disturbances ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Root Effects

Carp (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to environmental water pH (pHw) step changes from 7.4 to 5.1, 5.1 to 4.0 and 4.0 to 3.5 pH, PCO2, PO2 and lactate in dorsal aortic blood, [Na+], [K+] and [Cl-] in dorsal aortic plasma, base loss, and ammonia excretion were determined as a function of time after each pHw step change. At pHw 5.1 the measured blood acid-base and electrolyte parameters remained essentially unchanged; the base loss, however, was increased by a factor of 2. When pHw was lowered to 4.0 an additional severe increase in the ‘net base loss’, expressed as the difference between base loss and ammonia excretion, resulted in progressive reduction of arterial pH and [HCO3-]. The electrolyte status was also severely disturbed by progressively falling plasma [Na+] and [Cl-], which is attributed to failure of the active H+/Na+ and HCO3-/Cl- exchange mechanisms in the gills. At pHw 4.0 the acid-exposure syndrome is characterized by acid-base and electrolyte disturbances apparently not related to hypoxia. However, at pHw 3.5, tissue hypoxia, due to disturbances of gill gas exchange and to Bohr and Root effects, appears to be an additional important factor aggravating the disturbances of acid-base and electrolyte status.

scholarly journals Acid-base regulation and ion transfers in the carp (Cyprinus carpio): pH compensation during graded long- and short-term environmental hypercapnia, and the effect of bicarbonate infusion

1986 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Claiborne ◽  
N. Heisler
Keyword(s):  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Ambient Water ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Plasma Bicarbonate ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio

To study both temporal and quantitative effects of hypercapnia on the extent of pH compensation in the arterial blood, specimens of carp (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to a PCO2 of about 7.5 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa) (1% CO2) in the environmental water for several weeks, and a second group of animals was subjected to an environmental PCO2 of about 37 mmHg (5% CO2) for up to 96 h. A third series of experiments was designed to test the possibility that infusion of bicarbonate would increase the extent of plasma pH compensation. Dorsal aortic plasma pH, PCO2 and [HCO3-], as well as net transfer of HCO3- -equivalent ions, NH4+, Cl- and Na+, between fish and ambient water, were monitored throughout the experiments. Exposure to environmental PCO2 of 7.5 mmHg resulted in the expected respiratory acidosis with the associated drop in plasma pH, and subsequent compensatory plasma [HCO3-] increase. The compensatory increase of plasma bicarbonate during long-term hypercapnia continued during 19 days of exposure with plasma bicarbonate finally elevated from 13.0 mmoll-1 during control conditions to 25.9 mmoll-1 in hypercapnia, an increase equivalent to 80% plasma pH compensation. Exposure to 5% hypercapnia elicited much larger acid-base effects, which were compensated to a much lesser extent. Plasma pH recovered to only about 45% of the pH depression expected at constant bicarbonate concentration. At the end of the 96-h exposure period, plasma [HCO3-] was elevated by a factor of 2.5 to about 28.2 mmoll-1. The observed increase in plasma bicarbonate concentration during 5% hypercapnic exposure was attributable to net gain of bicarbonate equivalent ions from (or release of H+-equivalent ions to) the environmental water. Quantitatively, the gain of 15.6 mmol kg-1 was considerably larger than the amount required for compensation of the extracellular space, suggesting that acid-base relevant ions were transferred for compensation of the intracellular body compartments. The uptake of bicarbonate-equivalent ions from the water was accompanied by a net release of Cl-and, to a smaller extent, by a net uptake of Na+, suggesting a 75% contribution of the Cl-/HCO-3 exchange mechanism. Infusion of bicarbonate after 48 h of exposure to 7.5 mmHg PCo2 had only a transient effect on further pH compensation. The infused bicarbonate was lost to the ambient water, and pre-infusion levels of bicarbonate were reattained within 24 h. Repetition of the infusion did not result in a notable improvement of the acid-base status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Acid-Base Regulation and Ion Transfers in the Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) During and After Exposure to Environmental Hypercapnia

1984 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. CLAIBORNE ◽  
NORBERT HEISLER
Keyword(s):  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Ph Adjustment ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Net Uptake ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Time Required

Acid-base balance and ion transfers were studied in the carp, Cyprinus carpio L., during and after 48 h of exposure to environmental hypercapnia (PCOCO27.5 Torr). Plasma pH, PCOCO2, [HCO3−], and net transfers of HCO3−, NH4+, Cl− and Na+ between the fish and the environmental water were measured periodically throughout the experiment. Over the first 8 h of hypercapnia, plasma PCOCO2 increased by 7.6 Torr with a concurrent decrease in plasma pH of 0.28 units. Plasma [HCO3−] was slowly elevated from about 14 to 22 mM after 48 h, at which point 50% of the pH depression expected at constant bicarbonate concentration had been compensated. The net amount of H+ transferred to the water was 3.3 mmol kg−1 fish, representing a 115% increase in the rate of cumulative H+ efflux, and inducing an elevation of both intracellular and extracellular [HCO3−]. Cl− transfer was reversed from a net uptake to a net efflux, while net Na+ influx was increased slightly. Following hypercapnia, plasma pH returned to control values within 1 h, while the plasma [HCO3−], which was elevated during hypercapnia, fell continuously to reattain pre-hypercapnic control values after 20 h. The [HCO3−] decrease was due to the net gain of H+ ions from the water during this period. Cl− transfer returned to a net uptake, while the original Na+ influx was reversed to a net loss. Acid-base regulatory responses in the carp are qualitatively similar to those observed in other fish, though the time required for compensatory pH adjustment is longer. It is concluded that alterations in the rates of Cl−/HCO3− and Na+/H+ exchanges during hypercapnia and Na+/H+ exchange following hypercapnia, play a significant role in the compensation of respiratory acid-base disturbances in these animals.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF WATER pH ON COPPER TOXICITY TO EARLY LIFE STAGES OF THE COMMON CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO)

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xander J.H.X. Stouthart ◽  
Jeroen L.M. Haans ◽  
Robert A.C. Lock ◽  
Sjoerd E. Wendelaar Bonga
Keyword(s):  
Common Carp ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Copper Toxicity ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
The Common

Effects of nitrite exposure on blood respiratory properties, acid-base and electrolyte regulation in the carp (Cyprinus carpio)

1987 ◽  
Vol 157 (5) ◽  
pp. 533-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank B. Jensen ◽  
Niels A. Andersen ◽  
Norbert Heisler
Keyword(s):  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio

scholarly journals Effect of water pH different values on activity of some digestive enzymes in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.N. Nevalyonny ◽  
V.F. Zaitsev ◽  
S.N. Yegorov ◽  
S.G. Korostelyov
Keyword(s):  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Water Ph

Local differences in myotendinous junctions in axial muscle fibres of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (4) ◽  
pp. 825-833
Author(s):  
I L Y Spierts ◽  
H A Asker ◽  
I H C Voss ◽  
J W M Osse
Keyword(s):  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Myotendinous Junction ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stress Load ◽  
Fibre Area ◽  
Axial Muscle ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Myotendinous Junctions

We studied the myotendinous junctions of anterior and posterior red and white axial muscle fibres of carp using stereology. In posterior axial muscle fibres of swimming fish, stress (load on the myotendinous junction) must be higher than in anterior fibres as posterior fibres have a longer phase of eccentric activity. As we expected the magnitude of the load on the junction to be reflected in its structure, we compared the interfacial ratio, the ratio between the area of the junctional sarcolemma and the cross-sectional fibre area, of these muscle fibres. This ratio differed significantly between the investigated groups, with red fibres and posterior fibres having the larger ratios. The higher interfacial ratio of posterior myotendinous junctions is in accordance with the proposition mentioned above. The difference between myotendinous junctions of red and white fibres is probably related to a difference in the duration of the load on the junction.

scholarly journals Effects of low water pH on lead toxicity to early life stages of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J.H.X. Stouthart ◽  
F.A.T. Spanings ◽  
R.A.C. Lock ◽  
S.E. Wendelaar Bonga
Keyword(s):  
Common Carp ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
The Common
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