Metabolism of 6''-O-Xylosyltectoridin and Tectoridin by Human Intestinal Bacteria and Their Hypoglycemic and in Vitro Cytotoxic Activities.

ABSTRACTDeoxynivalenol (DON) is a potent mycotoxin produced byFusariummolds and affects intestinal nutrient absorption and barrier function in experimental and farm animals. Free DON and the plant metabolite DON-3-β-d-glucoside (D3G) are frequently found in wheat and maize. D3G is stable in the upper human gut, but some human intestinal bacteria release DON from D3Gin vitro. Furthermore, some bacteria derived from animal digestive systems degrade DON to a less toxic metabolite, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1). The metabolism of D3G and DON by the human microbiota has not been fully assessed. We therefore conductedin vitrobatch culture experiments assessing the activity of the human fecal microbiota to release DON from D3G. We also studied detoxification of DON to DOM-1 by the microbiota and its potential effect on urinary DON excretion in humans. Fecal slurry from five volunteers was spiked with DON or D3G and incubated anaerobically (from 1 h to 7 days), and mycotoxins were extracted into acetonitrile. Mycotoxins were detected in fecal extracts and urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The fecal microbiota released DON from D3G very efficiently, with hydrolysis peaking after 4 to 6 h. The fecal microbiota from one volunteer transformed DON to DOM-1. Urine from the same volunteer also contained DOM-1 (4.7% of DON), whereas DOM-1 was not detectable in urine from other volunteers. Our results confirm that the fecal microbiota releases DON from its glycosylated form, hence increasing the toxic burden in exposed individuals. Furthermore, this is first evidence that the human fecal microbiota of one volunteer detoxifies DON, resulting in the appearance of DOM-1 in urine.

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Digestion and fermentation by human intestinal bacteria of corn fiber and its hemicellulose in vitro.

Agricultural and Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1271/bbb1961.55.565 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 565-567 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Masayoshi SUGAWARA ◽

Yoshimi BENNO ◽

Emiko KOYASU ◽

Masayasu TAKEUCHI ◽

Tomotari MITSUOKA

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

Corn Fiber ◽

Human Intestinal Bacteria

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Metabolism of Puerarin and Daidzin by Human Intestinal Bacteria and Their Relation to in Vitro Cytotoxicity.

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin ◽

10.1248/bpb.21.628 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 21 (6) ◽

pp. 628-630 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Dong-Hyun KIM ◽

Ki-Ung YU ◽

Eun-Ah BAE ◽

Myung Joo HAN

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽

Human Intestinal Bacteria

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Contribution of gut bacteria to the metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside in human microbiota-associated rats

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114512003376 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 109 (8) ◽

pp. 1433-1441 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Laura Hanske ◽

Wolfram Engst ◽

Gunnar Loh ◽

Silke Sczesny ◽

Michael Blaut ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

Hydroxycinnamic Acid ◽

Gut Bacteria ◽

Dihydroxybenzoic Acid ◽

Human Gut ◽

Germ Free ◽

Human Microbiota ◽

Human Intestinal Bacteria ◽

The Impact

Cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) is one of the major dietary anthocyanins implicated in the prevention of chronic diseases. To evaluate the impact of human intestinal bacteria on the fate of C3G in the host, we studied the metabolism of C3G in human microbiota-associated (HMA) rats in comparison with germ-free (GF) rats. Urine and faeces of the rats were analysed for C3G and its metabolites within 48 h after the application of 92 μmol C3G/kg body weight. In addition, we tested the microbial C3G conversion in vitro by incubating C3G with human faecal slurries and selected human gut bacteria. The HMA rats excreted with faeces a three times higher percentage of unconjugated C3G products and a two times higher percentage of conjugated C3G products than the GF rats. These differences were mainly due to the increased excretion of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid. Only the urine of HMA rats contained peonidin and 3-hydroxycinnamic acid and the percentage of conjugated C3G products in the urine was decreased compared with the GF rats. Overall, the presence of intestinal microbiota resulted in a 3·7 % recovery of the C3G dose in HMA rats compared with 1·7 % in GF rats. Human intestinal bacteria rapidly degraded C3G in vitro. Most of the C3G products were also found in the absence of bacteria, but at considerably lower levels. The higher concentrations of phenolic acids observed in the presence of intestinal bacteria may contribute to the proposed beneficial health effects of C3G.

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Toxicity of Graphene Oxide on Intestinal Bacteria and Caco-2 Cells

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-463 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 78 (5) ◽

pp. 996-1002 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

TRANG H. D. NGUYEN ◽

MENGSHI LIN ◽

AZLIN MUSTAPHA

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

Cytotoxic Action ◽

Human Intestinal Bacteria ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Weak Adsorption ◽

Agriculture And Food

In recent years, novel nanomaterials have received much attention due to their great potential for applications in agriculture, food safety, and food packaging. Among them, graphene and graphene oxide (GO) are emerging as promising nanomaterials that may have a profound impact on food packaging. However, there are some concerns from consumers and the scientific community about the potential toxicity and biocompatibility of nanomaterials. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial properties of GO against human intestinal bacteria. The cytotoxicity of GO was also studied in vitro using the Caco-2 cell line derived from a colon carcinoma. Electron microscopy was used to investigate the morphology of GO and the interaction between GO flakes and Caco-2 cells. GO at different concentrations (10 to 500 μg/ml) exhibited no toxicity against the selected bacteria and a mild cytotoxic action on Caco-2 cells after 24 h of exposure. The results show that weak adsorption of medium nutrients may contribute to GO's low toxicity. This study suggests that GO is biocompatible and has a potential to be used in agriculture and food science, indicating that more studies are needed to exploit its potential applications.

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