Human gastrointestinal metabolism of the anti-rheumatic fraction of Dianbaizhu (Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis) in vitro: Elucidation of the metabolic analysis in gastric juice, intestinal juice and human intestinal bacteria by UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MSn and HPLC-DAD

Experimentsin vivoandin vitroare reported on the action of digestive juices of various animals on the scolices ofE. granulosus. Inin vitrostudies, scolices ofE. granulosuswere placed in the digestive juices of different animals, incubated at 37°C., and the digestive action of the fluids was studied by examining portions of the material under the microscope.In vivoexperiments were carried out on kittens, rats and rabbits. These animals were fed large quantities of scolices of hydatid cyst membranes and they were killed at definite time intervals and their intestinal tract was carefully examined for scolices.Gastric juice of rats, dogs, cats, sheep and cattle did not digest scolices. The action of the gastric juice of rabbits begins late and proceeds slowly. Human gastric juice causes incomplete digestion and acts only on the evaginated scolices.The intestinal juices of man, rats, rabbits, sheep and cattle are able to digest scolices completely, whereas the intestinal juice of dogs and cats is inactive. In spite of the fact that cat intestinal juice is inactive, kittens are found to be slightly susceptible. Since they suffer only relatively light infestation and the rate of development is retarded, we would classify the cat as an “abnormal” host toE. granulosus.Time of evagination of scolices from a single cyst or from cysts from different animals is variable. Some scolices evaginate readily, others more slowly and still others fail to evaginate completely.

Download Full-text

The Human Fecal Microbiota Metabolizes Deoxynivalenol and Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside and May Be Responsible for Urinary Deepoxy-Deoxynivalenol

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02987-12 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 79 (6) ◽

pp. 1821-1825 ◽

Cited By ~ 85

Author(s):

Silvia W. Gratz ◽

Gary Duncan ◽

Anthony J. Richardson

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

Potential Effect ◽

Fecal Microbiota ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Toxic Metabolite ◽

Content Type ◽

Human Intestinal Bacteria ◽

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽

Plant Metabolite

ABSTRACTDeoxynivalenol (DON) is a potent mycotoxin produced byFusariummolds and affects intestinal nutrient absorption and barrier function in experimental and farm animals. Free DON and the plant metabolite DON-3-β-d-glucoside (D3G) are frequently found in wheat and maize. D3G is stable in the upper human gut, but some human intestinal bacteria release DON from D3Gin vitro. Furthermore, some bacteria derived from animal digestive systems degrade DON to a less toxic metabolite, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1). The metabolism of D3G and DON by the human microbiota has not been fully assessed. We therefore conductedin vitrobatch culture experiments assessing the activity of the human fecal microbiota to release DON from D3G. We also studied detoxification of DON to DOM-1 by the microbiota and its potential effect on urinary DON excretion in humans. Fecal slurry from five volunteers was spiked with DON or D3G and incubated anaerobically (from 1 h to 7 days), and mycotoxins were extracted into acetonitrile. Mycotoxins were detected in fecal extracts and urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The fecal microbiota released DON from D3G very efficiently, with hydrolysis peaking after 4 to 6 h. The fecal microbiota from one volunteer transformed DON to DOM-1. Urine from the same volunteer also contained DOM-1 (4.7% of DON), whereas DOM-1 was not detectable in urine from other volunteers. Our results confirm that the fecal microbiota releases DON from its glycosylated form, hence increasing the toxic burden in exposed individuals. Furthermore, this is first evidence that the human fecal microbiota of one volunteer detoxifies DON, resulting in the appearance of DOM-1 in urine.

Download Full-text

Digestion and fermentation by human intestinal bacteria of corn fiber and its hemicellulose in vitro.

Agricultural and Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1271/bbb1961.55.565 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 565-567 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Masayoshi SUGAWARA ◽

Yoshimi BENNO ◽

Emiko KOYASU ◽

Masayasu TAKEUCHI ◽

Tomotari MITSUOKA

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

Corn Fiber ◽

Human Intestinal Bacteria

Download Full-text

Metabolism of Puerarin and Daidzin by Human Intestinal Bacteria and Their Relation to in Vitro Cytotoxicity.

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin ◽

10.1248/bpb.21.628 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 21 (6) ◽

pp. 628-630 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Dong-Hyun KIM ◽

Ki-Ung YU ◽

Eun-Ah BAE ◽

Myung Joo HAN

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽

Human Intestinal Bacteria

Download Full-text

Contribution of gut bacteria to the metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside in human microbiota-associated rats

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114512003376 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 109 (8) ◽

pp. 1433-1441 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Laura Hanske ◽

Wolfram Engst ◽

Gunnar Loh ◽

Silke Sczesny ◽

Michael Blaut ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

Hydroxycinnamic Acid ◽

Gut Bacteria ◽

Dihydroxybenzoic Acid ◽

Human Gut ◽

Germ Free ◽

Human Microbiota ◽

Human Intestinal Bacteria ◽

The Impact

Cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) is one of the major dietary anthocyanins implicated in the prevention of chronic diseases. To evaluate the impact of human intestinal bacteria on the fate of C3G in the host, we studied the metabolism of C3G in human microbiota-associated (HMA) rats in comparison with germ-free (GF) rats. Urine and faeces of the rats were analysed for C3G and its metabolites within 48 h after the application of 92 μmol C3G/kg body weight. In addition, we tested the microbial C3G conversion in vitro by incubating C3G with human faecal slurries and selected human gut bacteria. The HMA rats excreted with faeces a three times higher percentage of unconjugated C3G products and a two times higher percentage of conjugated C3G products than the GF rats. These differences were mainly due to the increased excretion of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid. Only the urine of HMA rats contained peonidin and 3-hydroxycinnamic acid and the percentage of conjugated C3G products in the urine was decreased compared with the GF rats. Overall, the presence of intestinal microbiota resulted in a 3·7 % recovery of the C3G dose in HMA rats compared with 1·7 % in GF rats. Human intestinal bacteria rapidly degraded C3G in vitro. Most of the C3G products were also found in the absence of bacteria, but at considerably lower levels. The higher concentrations of phenolic acids observed in the presence of intestinal bacteria may contribute to the proposed beneficial health effects of C3G.

Download Full-text

Toxicity of Graphene Oxide on Intestinal Bacteria and Caco-2 Cells

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-463 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 78 (5) ◽

pp. 996-1002 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

TRANG H. D. NGUYEN ◽

MENGSHI LIN ◽

AZLIN MUSTAPHA

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

Cytotoxic Action ◽

Human Intestinal Bacteria ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Weak Adsorption ◽

Agriculture And Food

In recent years, novel nanomaterials have received much attention due to their great potential for applications in agriculture, food safety, and food packaging. Among them, graphene and graphene oxide (GO) are emerging as promising nanomaterials that may have a profound impact on food packaging. However, there are some concerns from consumers and the scientific community about the potential toxicity and biocompatibility of nanomaterials. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial properties of GO against human intestinal bacteria. The cytotoxicity of GO was also studied in vitro using the Caco-2 cell line derived from a colon carcinoma. Electron microscopy was used to investigate the morphology of GO and the interaction between GO flakes and Caco-2 cells. GO at different concentrations (10 to 500 μg/ml) exhibited no toxicity against the selected bacteria and a mild cytotoxic action on Caco-2 cells after 24 h of exposure. The results show that weak adsorption of medium nutrients may contribute to GO's low toxicity. This study suggests that GO is biocompatible and has a potential to be used in agriculture and food science, indicating that more studies are needed to exploit its potential applications.

Download Full-text

ARB and ARGs survived from the extremely acidity posing a risk on intestinal bacteria in an in vitro digestion model by horizontal gene transfer

10.21203/rs.3.rs-392269/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qiujie Cai ◽

Yanbin Xu ◽

Min Zhou ◽

Ling Yu ◽

Pengqian Ouyang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Gene Transfer ◽

Horizontal Gene Transfer ◽

16S Rrna ◽

Gastric Juice ◽

Total Population ◽

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

In Vitro Digestion ◽

Transfer Potential

Abstract Background: Antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been considered as emerging contaminants, which even might be closely related to human health.Methods: To investigate the disease-producing risk of ARB and the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) risks of both extracellular ARGs (eARGs) and intracellular ARGs (iARGs), an in vitro digestion model was established to simulate the process of ARB and ARGs going through digestive tract. CTC/DAPI-FCM assay was used to study the survival of ARB during digestion, and the changes of genes (including tetA, tetG, tetM, sul1, sul2, bla EBC, bla FOX, intI1 and 16S rRNA) were determined by QPCR.Results: The results showed that ARB were mostly affected by pH of gastric juice. About 99% ARB (total population of 2.45 × 109–2.54 × 109) were killed by the gastric juice of pH 2.0 for the severely damage of bacterial cell membrane, but more than 80% ARB (total population of 2.71 × 109–3.90 × 109) were still alive with intact cell membrane when the pH of gastric juice increased to 3.0 and above. ARGs, intI1 and 16S rRNA could be detectable even at extreme pH when most bacteria died. The eARGs (accounting for 0.03%–24.56% of total genes) were less than iARGs obviously. The eARGs showed greater HGT potential than that of iARGs, suggesting transformation occurs more easily than conjugation. The transfer potential followed the order as: tet (100%) > sul (75%) > bla (58%), related to the high correlation of intI1 with tetA and sul2 (p < 0.01). Moreover, gastric juice of pH 1.0 could decrease the transfer frequency of ARGs by 2–3 order of magnitude compared to the control, but still threatening human health.Conclusions: Under the treatment of digestive juice, ARGs still have high gene horizontal transfer potential, suggesting that food-borne ARB pose a risk of ARGs horizontal transfer to intestinal bacteria.

Download Full-text