Energy Expenditure In Low-load Resistance Exercise With Slow Movement Using Body Mass Alone As Load

ABSTRACT Introduction: Resistance exercise (RE) training is widely recommended for increasing muscle strength and mass in older adults. RE is also a potential stimulus to improve cognitive functions (CF), but the best protocol for this purpose is unknown. Objective: To compare the effects of different RE protocols on CF in the same group of individuals. Methods: Twenty-four older adults were randomized (cross over) to control (CON) and lower limb RE protocols with high load (HL - 80% of 1RM), low load (LL - 30% of 1RM) and LL with blood flow restriction (LL-BFR - 30% of 1RM and 50% BFR). For CF assessment, participants underwent the Stroop test before and after each RE protocol. Results: Reduction in response time for Stroop neutral stimuli was greater after LL (effect size (ES) = -0.92) compared to CON (ES = -0.18) and HL (ES = -0.03), but was not different from LL-BFR (ES = -0.24). The reduced response time was associated with reduced parasympathetic modulation and increased cardiac output across protocols. Conclusion: LL was the most effective RE protocol to improve CF of older adults and a potential beneficial effect of LL-BFR on CF (non-significant) was identified. Therefore, LL resistance exercise appears to stimulate acute cognitive improvements in healthy older adults, probably through exercise-induced optimal autonomic modulation changes. Level of Evidence I; Therapeutic studies-Investigating the results of treatment.

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Greater discomfort with blood flow restriction training compared to standard low‐load resistance exercise when both are performed to task failure

Translational Sports Medicine ◽

10.1002/tsm2.184 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 607-615

Author(s):

Christopher Pignanelli ◽

Jamie F. Burr

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Load Resistance ◽

Blood Flow Restriction ◽

Task Failure ◽

Flow Restriction ◽

Low Load

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Low-load resistance training to task failure with and without blood flow restriction: muscular functional and structural adaptations

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00243.2019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 318 (2) ◽

pp. R284-R295 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Christopher Pignanelli ◽

Heather L. Petrick ◽

Fatemeh Keyvani ◽

George J. F. Heigenhauser ◽

Joe Quadrilatero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Load Resistance ◽

Muscle Endurance ◽

Flow Restriction ◽

Muscle Adaptations ◽

Low Load ◽

Skeletal Muscle Adaptations

The application of blood flow restriction (BFR) during resistance exercise is increasingly recognized for its ability to improve rehabilitation and for its effectiveness in increasing muscle hypertrophy and strength among healthy populations. However, direct comparison of the skeletal muscle adaptations to low-load resistance exercise (LL-RE) and low-load BFR resistance exercise (LL-BFR) performed to task failure is lacking. Using a within-subject design, we examined whole muscle group and skeletal muscle adaptations to 6 wk of LL-RE and LL-BFR training to repetition failure. Muscle strength and size outcomes were similar for both types of training, despite ~33% lower total exercise volume (load × repetition) with LL-BFR than LL-RE (28,544 ± 1,771 vs. 18,949 ± 1,541 kg, P = 0.004). After training, only LL-BFR improved the average power output throughout the midportion of a voluntary muscle endurance task. Specifically, LL-BFR training sustained an 18% greater power output from baseline and resulted in a greater change from baseline than LL-RE (19 ± 3 vs. 3 ± 4 W, P = 0.008). This improvement occurred despite histological analysis revealing similar increases in capillary content of type I muscle fibers following LL-RE and LL-BFR training, which was primarily driven by increased capillary contacts (4.53 ± 0.23 before training vs. 5.33 ± 0.27 and 5.17 ± 0.25 after LL-RE and LL-BFR, respectively, both P < 0.05). Moreover, maximally supported mitochondrial respiratory capacity increased only in the LL-RE leg by 30% from baseline ( P = 0.006). Overall, low-load resistance training increased indexes of muscle oxidative capacity and strength, which were not further augmented with the application of BFR. However, performance on a muscle endurance test was improved following BFR training.

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Time course of regional vascular adaptations to low load resistance training with blood flow restriction

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00040.2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 115 (3) ◽

pp. 403-411 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Julie E. A. Hunt ◽

Dermot Galea ◽

Graham Tufft ◽

Danny Bunce ◽

Richard A. Ferguson

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Popliteal Artery ◽

Reactive Hyperemia ◽

Load Resistance ◽

T Test ◽

Blood Flow Restriction ◽

Flow Restriction ◽

Low Load ◽

Transient Improvement

Distortion to hemodynamic and ischemic stimuli during blood flow restriction (BFR) exercise may influence regional vascular adaptation. We examined changes at the conduit, resistance, and capillary level in response to low load resistance exercise with BFR. Eleven males (22 ± 3 yr, 178 ± 4 cm, 78 ± 9 kg) completed 6 wk (3 days/wk) unilateral plantar flexion training with BFR at 30% 1 repetition maximum (1-RM). The contralateral leg acted as a nonexercised control (CON). Popliteal artery function [flow-mediated dilation, FMD%] and structure [maximal diameter] and resistance vessel structure [peak reactive hyperemia] were assessed using Doppler ultrasound before and at 2-wk intervals. Calf filtration capacity was assessed using venous occlusion plethysmography before and after training. BFR training elicited an early increase in peak reactive hyperemia (1,400 ± 278 vs. 1,716 ± 362 ml/min at 0 vs. 2 wk; t-test: P = 0.047), a transient improvement in popliteal FMD% (5.0 ± 2.1, 7.6 ± 2.9, 6.6 ± 2.1, 5.7 ± 1.6% at 0, 2, 4 and 6 wk, respectively; ANOVA: P = 0.002), and an increase in maximum diameter (6.06 ± 0.44 vs. 6.26 ± 0.39 mm at 0 vs. 6 wk; Bonferroni t-test: P = 0.048). Capillary filtration increased after 6 wk BFR training ( P = 0.043). No changes in the CON leg were observed. Adaptation occurred at all levels of the vascular tree in response to low load resistance exercise with BFR. Enhanced peak reactive hyperemia and transient improvement in popliteal artery function occurred before changes in artery structural capacity.

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Energy Expenditure of Resistance Exercise Using Body Weight with Slow Movement

Juntendo Medical Journal ◽

10.14789/jmj.2018.64.jmj18-p411 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 64 (Suppl.1) ◽

pp. 116-116

Author(s):

TAKASHI NAKAGATA ◽

YOSUKE YAMADA ◽

SHUICHI MACHIDA ◽

HISASHI NAITO

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Slow Movement

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Low-load Resistance Exercise During Inactivity is Associated With Greater Fibre Area and Satellite Cell Expression in Older Skeletal Muscle

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000562338.93230.70 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (Supplement) ◽

pp. 614-615

Author(s):

Adam Johnston ◽

Ryan P. Kelly ◽

Michaela Devries ◽

Tyler Churchward-Venne ◽

Stuart Phillips ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Satellite Cell ◽

Load Resistance ◽

Fibre Area ◽

Low Load ◽

Cell Expression

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Energy expenditure, recovery oxygen consumption, and substrate oxidation during and after body weight resistance exercise with slow movement compared to treadmill walking

Physiology International ◽

10.1556/2060.105.2018.4.27 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 105 (4) ◽

pp. 371-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

T Nakagata ◽

Y Yamada ◽

H Naito

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Resistance Exercise ◽

Time Course ◽

Treadmill Walking ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Slow Movement ◽

Moderate Intensity Physical Activity ◽

Metabolic Equivalents ◽

Course Changes

The benefit of body weight resistance exercise with slow movement (BWRE-slow) for muscle function is well-documented, but not for energy metabolism. We aimed to examine physiological responses [e.g., energy expenditure (EE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and blood lactate (La)] during and after BWRE-slow compared to EE-matched treadmill walking (TW). Eight healthy young men (23.4 ± 1.8 years old, 171.2 ± 6.2 cm, 63.0 ± 4.8 kg) performed squat, push-up, lunge, heel-raise, hip-lift, and crunch exercises with BWRE-slow modality. Both the concentric and eccentric phases were set to 3 s. A total of three sets (10 repetitions) with 30 s rest between sets were performed for each exercise (26.5 min). On another day, subjects walked on a treadmill for 26.5 min during which EE during exercise was matched to that of BWRE-slow with the researcher controlling the treadmill speed manually. The time course changes of EE and RER were measured. The EE during exercise for BWRE-slow (92.6 ± 16.0 kcal for 26.5 min) was not significantly different from the EE during exercise for TW (95.5 ± 14.1 kcal, p = 0.36). BWRE-slow elicited greater recovery EE (40.55 ± 3.88 kcal for 30 min) than TW (37.61 ± 3.19 kcal, p = 0.029). RER was significantly higher in BWRE-slow during and 0–5 min after exercise, but became significantly lower during 25–30 min after exercise, suggesting greater lipid oxidation was induced about 30 min after exercise in BWRE-slow compared to TW. We also indicated that BWRE-slow has 3.1 metabolic equivalents in average, which is categorized as moderate-intensity physical activity.

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Carbohydrate mouth rinse improves resistance exercise capacity in the glycogen-lowered state

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2020-0298 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Matthew Durkin ◽

Harriet Akeroyd ◽

Adrian Holliday

Keyword(s):

Resistance Exercise ◽

Exercise Capacity ◽

Bench Press ◽

Load Resistance ◽

Energy Deficit ◽

Mouth Rinse ◽

Fed State ◽

Carbohydrate Availability ◽

Low Load ◽

Repetitions To Failure

The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse (CHO MR) on resistance exercise performance is equivocal, and may be moderated by carbohydrate availability. This study determined the effect of CHO MR on low-load resistance exercise capacity completed in a fed but glycogen-lowered state. Twelve resistance-trained men (age: 22±4 years; height: 1.79±0.05m; weight: 78.7±7.8kg; bench press 1-RM: 87±21kg; squat 1-RM: 123±19kg) completed two fed-state resistance exercise bouts consisting of 6 sets of bench press and 6 sets of squat to failure at 40% 1-RM. Each bout was preceded by glycogen-depleting cycling the evening before, with feeding controlled to create acute energy deficit and maintain low muscle glycogen. During resistance exercise, participants rinsed with either a 6% CHO MR solution or a taste-matched placebo (PLA) between sets. Total volume workload was greater with CHO MR (9354±2051kg vs. 8525±1911kg, p=0.010). Total number of repetitions of squat were greater with CHO MR (107±26 vs. 92±16, p=0.017); the number of repetitions of bench press were not significantly different (CHO MR: 120±24 vs. PLA: 115±22, p=0.146). This was independent of differences in feeling or arousal. CHO MR may be an effective ergogenic aid for athletes completing resistance exercise when in energy deficit and with low carbohydrate availability. Novelty • CHO MR can increase low-load resistance exercise capacity undertaken in a glycogen-lowered but fed state. • This effect was driven by a greater number of repetitions-to-failure in the squat – using muscles lowered in glycogen content with exhaustive cycling on the evening prior to resistance exercise – but not bench press.

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