<p>High-dimensional ensemble data assimilation applications require error covariance localization in order to address the problem of insufficient degrees of freedom, typically accomplished using the observation-space covariance localization. However, this creates a challenge for vertically integrated observations, such as satellite radiances, aerosol optical depth, etc., since the exact observation location in vertical does not exist. For nonlinear problems, there is an implied inconsistency in iterative minimization due to using observation-space localization which effectively prevents finding the optimal global minimizing solution. Using state-space localization, however, in principal resolves both issues associated with observation space localization.</p><p>&#160;</p><p>In this work we present a new nonlinear ensemble data assimilation method that employs covariance localization in state space and finds an optimal analysis solution. The new method resembles &#8220;modified ensembles&#8221; in the sense that ensemble size is increased in the analysis, but it differs in methodology used to create ensemble modifications, calculate the analysis error covariance, and define the initial ensemble perturbations for data assimilation cycling. From a practical point of view, the new method is considerably more efficient and potentially applicable to realistic high-dimensional data assimilation problems. A distinct characteristic of the new algorithm is that the localized error covariance and minimization are global, i.e. explicitly defined over all state points. The presentation will focus on examining feasible options for estimating the analysis error covariance and for defining the initial ensemble perturbations.</p>
Interpretation of Adaptive Observing Guidance for Atlantic Tropical Cyclones