Current concepts of cross-sectional and functional anatomy of the cerebellum: a pictorial review and atlas

Recognition of key concepts of structural and functional anatomy of the cerebellum can facilitate image interpretation and clinical correlation. Recently, the human brain mapping literature has increased our understanding of cerebellar anatomy, function, connectivity with the cerebrum, and significance of lesions involving specific areas. Both the common names and numerically based Schmahmann classifications of cerebellar lobules are illustrated. Anatomic patterns, or signs, of key fissures and white matter branching are introduced to facilitate easy recognition of the major anatomic features. Color-coded overlays of cross-sectional imaging are provided for reference of more complex detail. Examples of exquisite detail of structural and functional cerebellar anatomy at 7 T MRI are also depicted. The functions of the cerebellum are manifold with the majority of areas involved with non-motor association function. Key concepts of lesion–symptom mapping which correlates lesion location to clinical manifestation are introduced, emphasizing that lesions in most areas of the cerebellum are associated with predominantly non-motor deficits. Clinical correlation is reinforced with examples of intrinsic pathologic derangement of cerebellar anatomy and altered functional connectivity due to pathology of the cerebral hemisphere. The purpose of this pictorial review is to illustrate basic concepts of these topics in a cross-sectional imaging-based format that can be easily understood and applied by radiologists.

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Comprehensive Radiological Assessment of Sub-axial Spinal Injury

Nepalese Medical Journal ◽

10.3126/nmj.v2i1.24351 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 181-187

Author(s):

Jawad Naqvi ◽

Syed I Ali ◽

Vinay Parmar ◽

Chooi Oh ◽

Simon Beardmore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Stability ◽

Spinal Injury ◽

Image Interpretation ◽

Neurological Status ◽

Classification Systems ◽

Unstable Fracture ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pictorial Review ◽

Thoracolumbar Injury ◽

Cross Sectional Imaging

Radiologists frequently interpret cross-sectional imaging of the spine in the setting of trauma. Mechanical stability of the traumatised spine is the single most important factor which guides further management. Several classification systems have been developed over the past to assist radiologists to judge the potentially unstable injuries. The radiologists are arguably most familiar with Denis system of classification which is based on injury morphology and mechanism. This system has been criticised for being too simple, not prognostically valuable and lack of consideration of patients' neurological status. AO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen) and TLICS (Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score ) classification systems are the next major evolutions which highlight the importance of the posterior ligamentous complex (PLC) and neurological status of the patients in predicting the potentially unstable fracture. The aim of this pictorial review is to familiarise radiologists with newer classification systems to improve their image interpretation skills and promote efficient communication with spinal surgeons. The pictorial examples are intended to illustrate the various injury types and how to classify them according to the aforementioned classification systems.

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Radiology of acute mastoiditis and its complications: a pictorial review and interpretation checklist

The Journal of Laryngology & Otology ◽

10.1017/s0022215119001609 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 133 (10) ◽

pp. 856-861

Author(s):

M W Mather ◽

P D Yates ◽

J Powell ◽

I Zammit-Maempel

Keyword(s):

Head And Neck ◽

Surgical Planning ◽

Systematic Approach ◽

Acute Mastoiditis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Imaging Technology ◽

Radiological Features ◽

Pictorial Review ◽

Cross Sectional Imaging ◽

Sectional Imaging

AbstractBackgroundMastoiditis is an otological emergency, and cross-sectional imaging has a role in the diagnosis of complications and surgical planning. Advances in imaging technology are becoming increasingly sophisticated and, by the same token, the ability to accurately interpret findings is essential.MethodsThis paper reviews common and rare complications of mastoiditis using case-led examples. A radiologist-derived systematic checklist is proposed, to assist the ENT surgeon with interpreting cross-sectional imaging in emergency mastoiditis cases when the opinion of a head and neck radiologist may be difficult to obtain.ResultsA 16-point checklist (the ‘mastoid 16’) was used on a case-led basis to review the radiological features of both common and rare complications of mastoiditis; this is complemented with imaging examples.ConclusionAcute mastoiditis has a range of serious complications that may be amenable to treatment, once diagnosed using appropriate imaging. The proposed checklist provides a systematic approach to identifying complications of mastoiditis.

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Pictorial review of normal postoperative cross-sectional imaging findings and infectious complications following laparoscopic appendectomy

Insights into Imaging ◽

10.1007/s13244-014-0369-6 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 65-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Massimo Tonolini ◽

Federica Villa ◽

Sonia Ippolito ◽

Marina Petullà ◽

Roberto Bianco

Keyword(s):

Laparoscopic Appendectomy ◽

Infectious Complications ◽

Imaging Findings ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pictorial Review ◽

Cross Sectional Imaging ◽

Sectional Imaging

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Cross-sectional Imaging Features of Acute, Chronic and Autoimmune Pancreatitis: A Pictorial Review

10.26226/morressier.5b040f11d64f25001b0ecd4f ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Andreea Stroiescu ◽

Jennifer Hennebry

Keyword(s):

Autoimmune Pancreatitis ◽

Imaging Features ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pictorial Review ◽

Cross Sectional Imaging ◽

Sectional Imaging

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Is anomalous origin of the left vertebral artery indeed a rare finding?

South African Journal of Radiology ◽

10.4102/sajr.v16i4.262 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 144-146

Author(s):

Braham Van der Merwe ◽

Christelle Ackermann ◽

Shaun Scheepers ◽

Sulaiman Moosa

Keyword(s):

Endovascular Treatment ◽

Vertebral Artery ◽

Anomalous Origin ◽

Left Vertebral Artery ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rare Finding ◽

Pictorial Review ◽

Cross Sectional Imaging ◽

After Hours ◽

Sectional Imaging

We present a pictorial review of anomalous origin of the left vertebral artery observed in 5 patients imaged in our after-hours trauma radiology unit within a period of 7 days. We raise the question of whether the incidence of anomalous origin of the left vertebral artery quoted in the radiology literature as 5% is really that low, and suggest that the current increased frequency of cross-sectional imaging could elevate the observed incidence of this anomaly in practice. We discuss the implications of vertebral artery anomalies in the endovascular treatment of aortic arch injuries.

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Cross-sectional imaging of acute gynaecologic disorders: CT and MRI findings with differential diagnosis—part II: uterine emergencies and pelvic inflammatory disease

Insights into Imaging ◽

10.1186/s13244-019-0807-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pietro Valerio Foti ◽

Massimo Tonolini ◽

Valeria Costanzo ◽

Luca Mammino ◽

Stefano Palmucci ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease ◽

Inflammatory Disease ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Mri Findings ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pictorial Review ◽

Cross Sectional Imaging ◽

Sectional Imaging ◽

Ct And Mri

AbstractDue to the growing use of cross-sectional imaging in emergency departments, acute gynaecologic disorders are increasingly diagnosed on urgent multidetector computed tomography (CT) studies, often requested under alternative presumptive diagnoses in reproductive-age women. If clinical conditions and state-of-the-art scanner availability permit, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is superior to CT due to its more in-depth characterisationof abnormal or inconclusive gynaecological findings, owing to excellent soft-tissue contrast, intrinsic multiplanar capabilities and lack of ionising radiation.This pictorial review aims to provide radiologists with a thorough familiarity with gynaecologic emergencies by illustrating their CT and MRI appearances, in order to provide a timely and correct imaging diagnosis. Specifically, this second instalment reviews with examples and emphasis on differential diagnosis the main non-pregnancy-related uterine emergencies (including endometrial polyps, degenerated leiomyomas and uterine inversion) and the spectrum of pelvic inflammatory disease.

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Pictorial Review: Cross-Sectional Imaging of the Foot and Ankle

Foot & Ankle ◽

10.1177/107110078700800201 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 59-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

David J. Sartoris ◽

Donald Resnick

Keyword(s):

Imaging Techniques ◽

Degenerative Joint Disease ◽

Joint Disease ◽

Foot And Ankle ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pictorial Review ◽

Cross Sectional Imaging ◽

Sectional Imaging ◽

Contrast Discrimination

Cross-sectional imaging techniques are becoming increasingly important for the evaluation of foot and ankle disorders. Computed tomography affords superior depiction of osseous anatomy, and is useful in the assessment of acute fractures, degenerative joint disease, and postoperative alterations. Magnetic resonance imaging is particularly well suited to soft tissue disease, including neoplasms, tendinitis, myopathy, and infection, owing to its excellent contrast discrimination capabilities.

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