scholarly journals Botox or the new face of the fight against depression - literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 268-275
Author(s):  
Martyna Nowińska ◽  
Magdalena Kozyra ◽  
Przemysław Raczkiewicz ◽  
Marlena Kaczerska ◽  
Natalia Śmiech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidity ◽  
Acetylcholine Release ◽  
Botulinum Toxin A ◽  
Randomized Control Trials ◽  
Facial Feedback ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
Patients Experience

Introduction: Depression is a common psychiatric disorder leading to high burden especially for some other psychiatric comorbidity. Annually over 43 billion dollars are expended for patients with depression among them 28% are directly for depression and other costs are related to mortality and morbidity due to depression. The aim of the study: Paying attention to new options for treating depression – a disease that affects more and more people.Material and method: The research was done by the usage of the PubMed and Google Scholar articles about the topic of: botulinum toxin; depression; treatment.Description of the state of knowledge: Injecting Botox into the muscles responsible for expression of anguish or sadness may potentially decrease the patients experience of feelings. Botox reversibly blocks acetylcholine release from neuronal axons into the synapse, inhibiting neuromuscular transmission. If the facial feedback hypothesis is correct, by injecting Botox into the corrugator and procerus muscles, it will reversibly inhibit frown facial expressions and have the capability of propagating or enhancing sad and depressed feelings.Summary: The results from all randomized control trials proved that botulinum toxin A injection in the glabellar region was associated with significant improvement mood and may be a safe and effective treatment to reduce symptoms of depression.

Botulinum Toxin-A and Scar Reduction: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 165-176
Author(s):  
Adam Honeybrook ◽  
Walter Lee ◽  
Julie Woodward ◽  
Charles Woodard
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Botulinum Toxin A ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Randomized Control Trials ◽  
Measurement Scales ◽  
Toxin A ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
Scar Reduction

Pathologic scars remain a therapeutic enigma. Several therapeutic modalities have been described for the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic and keloid scars, but the optimal management approach has not yet been defined. This article reviews the newly emerging, off-label treatment, botulinum toxin-A (BTXA) for scar reduction. Eight in vitro, 9 in vivo animal, and 23 human clinical studies were deemed relevant to this review. Studies were conducted between 2000 and 2018. Clinical studies were of various methodologic qualities and comprised of 8 blinded randomized control trials, 7 cohort studies, and 7 case series/reports. Across all 23 human clinical studies, 521 patients were recruited, 20 studies were in favor of BTXA to reduce scars, 2 studies had equivocal results, and 1 study showed no benefit. The efficacy of BTXA to reduce scars appears promising and the clinical literature currently favors its use over placebo controls as a safe scar reduction alternative. The efficacy of this modality in comparison with other more widely accepted scar reduction methods is less clear. Further understanding of the molecular mechanism of action of BTXA upon scars and treatment modality cost-effectiveness comparisons remain to be explored. Large-scale randomized control trials of high methodologic quality, using objective measurement scales, must be produced to truly determine the efficacy of this innovative treatment.

Botulinum Toxin (Botox) to Enhance Facial Macroesthetics: A Literature Review

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarosh F. Dastoor ◽  
Carl E. Misch ◽  
Hom-Lay Wang
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Treatment Option ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Acetylcholine Release ◽  
Botulinum Toxin A ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Muscle Paralysis ◽  
Case Selection

Abstract Dental implants have emerged as a predictable treatment option for partial edentulism. Their ability to preserve bone and soft tissue yields highly esthetic results in the long term. Increasingly, patients are demanding not only enhancements to their dental (micro) esthetics but also to their overall facial (macro) esthetics. Dynamic wrinkles (caused by hyperfunctional muscles) in the perioral, glabellar, and forehead regions can cause a patient's expressions to be misinterpreted as angry, anxious, fearful, or fatigued. An emerging treatment option to address these issues is the use of a paralyzing material such as botulinum toxin A (Botox) to decrease the appearance of the wrinkles, which yields a more esthetic and youthful facial appearance. Botox is a deadly poison that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and causes muscle paralysis by inhibiting acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. When used in areas of hyperfunctional muscles, a transient partial paralysis occurs that diminishes the appearances of wrinkles, Therefore, wrinkles not attributable to hyperfunctional muscles (eg, wrinkles caused by aging, gravity, photodamage, trauma, and scarring) will not be amenable to treatment with the toxin. As a result, proper case selection is essential. A thorough understanding of the indications, techniques, dosages, and complications and their management is imperative to achieve a satisfactory result. This article will review the pathogenesis of facial wrinkles as well as the history, techniques, clinical controversies, and other important considerations for successful treatment of facial wrinkles with Botox.

scholarly journals Cosmetic Use of Botulinum Toxin-A Affects Processing of Emotional Language

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 895-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Havas ◽  
Arthur M. Glenberg ◽  
Karol A. Gutowski ◽  
Mark J. Lucarelli ◽  
Richard J. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Botulinum Toxin A ◽  
Mental Simulation ◽  
Action Perception ◽  
Toxin A ◽  
Facial Feedback ◽  
Emotional Language ◽  
Neurophysiological Mechanisms

How does language reliably evoke emotion, as it does when people read a favorite novel or listen to a skilled orator? Recent evidence suggests that comprehension involves a mental simulation of sentence content that calls on the same neural systems used in literal action, perception, and emotion. In this study, we demonstrated that involuntary facial expression plays a causal role in the processing of emotional language. Subcutaneous injections of botulinum toxin-A (BTX) were used to temporarily paralyze the facial muscle used in frowning. We found that BTX selectively slowed the reading of sentences that described situations that normally require the paralyzed muscle for expressing the emotions evoked by the sentences. This finding demonstrates that peripheral feedback plays a role in language processing, supports facial-feedback theories of emotional cognition, and raises questions about the effects of BTX on cognition and emotional reactivity. We account for the role of facial feedback in language processing by considering neurophysiological mechanisms and reinforcement-learning theory.

Severe Drooling and Treatment With Botulinum Toxin

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Merete Bakke ◽  
Allan Bardow ◽  
Eigild Møller
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Acetylcholine Release ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
Rate Reduction ◽  
Local Inhibition ◽  
Surgical Treatments

Severe drooling is associated with discomfort and psychosocial problems and may constitute a health risk. A variety of different surgical and non-surgical treatments have been used to diminish drooling, some of them with little or uncertain effect and others more effective but irreversible or with side effects. Based on clinical evidence, injection with botulinum toxin (BTX) into the parotid and submandibular glands is a useful treatment option, because it is local, reversible, and with few side effects, although it has to be repeated. The mechanism of BTX is a local inhibition of acetylcholine release, which diminishes receptor-coupled secretion and results in a flow rate reduction of 25–50% for 2–7 months.

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