Drill splatter in orthopaedic procedures and its importance during the COVID-19 pandemic

Aims During the COVID-19 pandemic, drilling has been classified as an aerosol-generating procedure. However, there is limited evidence on the effects of bone drilling on splatter generation. Our aim was to quantify the effect of drilling on splatter generation within the orthopaedic operative setting. Methods This study was performed using a Stryker System 7 dual rotating drill at full speed. Two fluid mediums (Videne (Solution 1) and Fluorescein (Solution 2)) were used to simulate drill splatter conditions. Drilling occurred at saw bone level (0 cm) and at different heights (20 cm, 50 cm, and 100 cm) above the target to simulate the surgeon ‘working arm length’, with and without using a drill guide. The furthest droplets were marked and the droplet displacement was measured in cm. A surgical microscope was used to detect microscopic droplets. Results Bone drilling produced 5 cm and 7 cm droplet displacement using Solutions 1 and 2, respectively. Drilling at 100 cm above the target produced the greatest splatter generation with a 95 cm macroscopic droplet displacement using Solution 2. Microscopic droplet generation was noticed at further distances than what can be macroscopically seen using Solution 1 (98 cm). Using the drill guide, there was negligible drill splatter generation. Conclusion Our study has shown lower than anticipated drill splatter generation. The use of a drill guide acted as a protective measure and significantly reduced drill splatter. We therefore recommend using a drill guide at all times to reduce the risk of viral transmission in the operative setting. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(9):752–756.

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Environmental Contamination and Hygienic Measures After Feline Calicivirus Field Strain Infections of Cats in a Research Facility

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11100958 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 958

Author(s):

Andrea Monika Spiri ◽

Marina Luisa Meli ◽

Barbara Riond ◽

Imogen Herbert ◽

Margaret J. Hosie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Virus Isolation ◽

Viral Transmission ◽

Viral Rna ◽

Feline Calicivirus ◽

Limited Evidence ◽

Research Facility ◽

Hygienic Measures ◽

Virulent Virus ◽

Highly Virulent

Feline calicivirus (FCV) can cause painful oral ulcerations, salivation, gingivitis/stomatitis, fever and depression in infected cats; highly virulent virus variants can lead to fatal epizootic outbreaks. Viral transmission occurs directly or indirectly via fomites. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and viability of FCV in the environment after sequential oronasal infections of specified pathogen-free cats with two FCV field strains in a research facility. Replicating virus was detected in saliva swabs from all ten cats after the first and in four out of ten cats after the second FCV exposure using virus isolation to identify FCV shedders. In the environment, where cleaning, but no disinfection took place, FCV viral RNA was detectable using RT-qPCR on all tested items and surfaces, including cat hair. However, only very limited evidence was found of replicating virus using virus isolation. Viral RNA remained demonstrable for at least 28 days after shedding had ceased in all cats. Disinfection with 5% sodium bicarbonate (and IncidinTM Plus) and barrier measures were effective in that no viral RNA was detectable outside the cat rooms. Our findings are important for any multicat environment to optimize hygienic measures against FCV infection.

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NAS plots new course at full speed

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e384202004-001 ◽

1982 ◽

Author(s):

Kathleen Fisher ◽

Keyword(s):

Full Speed

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RELAXATION AND COLLECTIVE MOTION IN SUPERCONDUCTORS. A TWO-FLUID DESCRIPTION

Le Journal de Physique Colloques ◽

10.1051/jphyscol:19786217 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 39 (C6) ◽

pp. C6-488-C6-489 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

C. J. Pethick ◽

H. Smith

Keyword(s):

Collective Motion ◽

Two Fluid

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The Excavation of a Settlement of the Later Bronze Age and Iron Age at Myrehead, Falkirk District

Glasgow Archaeological Journal ◽

10.3366/gas.1983.10.10.41 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 41-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

G J Barclay

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Iron Age ◽

Farming System ◽

Activity Period ◽

Limited Evidence ◽

Ring Groove ◽

Domestic Activity ◽

First Millennium ◽

First Millennium Bc ◽

Actual Settlement

SUMMARY Myrehead has revealed the eroded remnants of activity from the Beaker period (Period A) onwards, with actual settlement evinced only from about the early first millennium be. The three houses and the cooking pits of Period B may have been constructed and used sequentially. This open settlement was probably replaced during the mid first millennium bc, possibly without a break, by a palisaded enclosure (Period C), which may have contained a ring-groove house and a four-post structure. Continued domestic activity (Period D) was suggested by a single pit outside the enclosure, dated to the late first millennium bc/early first millennium ad. The limited evidence of the economy of the settlements suggests a mixed farming system.

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