scholarly journals Environmental Contamination and Hygienic Measures After Feline Calicivirus Field Strain Infections of Cats in a Research Facility

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 958
Author(s):  
Andrea Monika Spiri ◽  
Marina Luisa Meli ◽  
Barbara Riond ◽  
Imogen Herbert ◽  
Margaret J. Hosie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Research Facility ◽  
Hygienic Measures ◽  
Virulent Virus ◽  
Highly Virulent

Feline calicivirus (FCV) can cause painful oral ulcerations, salivation, gingivitis/stomatitis, fever and depression in infected cats; highly virulent virus variants can lead to fatal epizootic outbreaks. Viral transmission occurs directly or indirectly via fomites. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and viability of FCV in the environment after sequential oronasal infections of specified pathogen-free cats with two FCV field strains in a research facility. Replicating virus was detected in saliva swabs from all ten cats after the first and in four out of ten cats after the second FCV exposure using virus isolation to identify FCV shedders. In the environment, where cleaning, but no disinfection took place, FCV viral RNA was detectable using RT-qPCR on all tested items and surfaces, including cat hair. However, only very limited evidence was found of replicating virus using virus isolation. Viral RNA remained demonstrable for at least 28 days after shedding had ceased in all cats. Disinfection with 5% sodium bicarbonate (and IncidinTM Plus) and barrier measures were effective in that no viral RNA was detectable outside the cat rooms. Our findings are important for any multicat environment to optimize hygienic measures against FCV infection.

scholarly journals An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 with high mortality in mink (Neovison vison) on multiple Utah farms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chrissy Eckstrand ◽  
Tom Baldwin ◽  
Mia Kim Torchetti ◽  
Mary Lea Killian ◽  
Kerry A Rood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Tracheobronchial Lymph Node ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The breadth of animal hosts that are susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and may serve as reservoirs for continued viral transmission are not known entirely. In August 2020, an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 occurred in multiple mink farms in Utah and was associated with high mink mortality and rapid viral transmission between animals. The outbreak's epidemiology, pathology, molecular characterization, and tissue distribution of virus within infected mink is provided. Infection of mink was likely by reverse zoonosis. Once established, infection spread rapidly between independently housed animals and farms, and caused severe respiratory disease and death. Clinical signs were most notably sudden death, anorexia, and increased respiratory effort. Gross pathology examination revealed severe pulmonary congestion and edema. Microscopically there was pulmonary edema with moderate vasculitis, perivasculitis, and fibrinous interstitial pneumonia. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of tissues collected at necropsy demonstrated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in multiple organs including nasal turbinates, lung, tracheobronchial lymph node, epithelial surfaces, and others. Whole genome sequencing from multiple mink was consistent with published SARS-CoV-2 genomes with few polymorphisms. The Utah mink SARS-CoV-2 strain fell into Clade GH, which is unique among mink and other animal strains sequenced to date and did not share other spike RBD mutations Y453F and F486L found in mink. Localization of viral RNA by in situ hybridization revealed a more localized infection, particularly of the upper respiratory tract. Mink in the outbreak reported herein had high levels of virus in the upper respiratory tract associated with mink-to-mink transmission in a confined housing environment and were particularly susceptible to disease and death due to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

An epizootic of highly virulent feline calicivirus disease in a hospital setting in New England

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M Schorr-Evans ◽  
A Poland ◽  
WE Johnson ◽  
N.C Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Limb Edema ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Hospital Equipment ◽  
Highly Virulent ◽  
Overall Mortality

This article reports an outbreak of 24 cases of an unusually virulent feline calicivirus (FCV) infection in a small animal hospital. The circumstances and disease signs were very similar to those recently described in an outbreak of FCV hemorrhagic disease in Northern California (Vet. Microbiol. 73 (2000) 281). The virus entered the facility through shelter cats showing upper respiratory signs. Affected cats manifested high fever, anorexia, labored respirations, oral ulceration, facial and limb edema, icterus, and pancreatitis. The infection spread rapidly among the patients by contaminated animal caretakers and hospital equipment. One case of fomite transmission from an employee to a housecat was documented. Prior vaccination, even with multiple doses of FCV-F9-based live calicivirus vaccine, was not protective. Affected cats often required extensive supportive care for 7–10 days, and the overall mortality from death and euthanasia was 32%. The strain of FCV responsible for this outbreak was genetically and serologically distinct from the FCV strain responsible for a similar epizootic and the FCV-F9 strain contained in most vaccines. Outbreaks of this type are being reported with increasing frequency, and are often associated with the practice of treating sick shelter cats in private practices. Similar to the present epizootic, outbreaks of FCV hemorrhagic disease have been self-limiting, but require prompt application of strict quarantine, isolation, personnel sanitation, and disinfection procedures.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF MODERATELY VIRULENT AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS ON INTERLEUKIN-10 PRODUCTION

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Pershin ◽  
I. V. Shevchenko ◽  
A. S. Igolkin ◽  
Ye. V. Aronova ◽  
N. N. Vlasova
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Virulent Virus ◽  
Virus Isolates ◽  
Highly Virulent

A characteristic feature of African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the ability to escape from host immune response, affecting macrophages and replicating in them. Besides, ASFV - specific antibodies do not completely neutralize the virus. Cytokines are important factors for various viral infection pathologies. The virulence of ASFV isolates may depend on the capacity to regulate cytokine expression by macrophages. Thus, when comparing in vitro and in vivo cytokine production by macrophages, it was established that infection with low virulent virus isolates leads to an immune response with a predominance of cytokines involved in cellular immunity, such as INF-α and IL-12p40, as compared with infection with highly virulent isolates. The aim of this paper was to study the effect of African swine fever virus on the production of IL-10, a pleiotropic cytokine that inhibits synthesis of cytokines and shows a strong antiinflammatory effect. For this, 12 piglets were experimentally infected intramuscularly with a continuous cell culture-adapted ASFV isolate Vero25 at a dose of 10 HAdU per animal followed by control infection of surviving animals with the reference virus isolate Arm 07 at a dose of 1,000 HAdU per animal. Temperature measurements were taken and blood sampling to obtain serum was conducted during the experiment. IL-10 amount in blood sera was determined using Invitrogen test systems (Thermo Fisher, USA). A higher IL-10 level (15.8–173 pg/ml) was observed in blood sera of dead animals infected with a moderately virulent virus, as compared with surviving pigs (4–5 pg/ml). No correlation between the speed of appearance of specific antibodies and IL-10 serum levels has been established. No noticeable effect of the IL-10 serum level prior to infection on the survival rate of animals has been observed. Further studies are needed to establish a causal relationship, including study of the expression of various cytokines during infection with both low- and highly virulent virus isolates.

scholarly journals Contamination of personal protective equipment during COVID-19 autopsies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna M Brandner ◽  
Peter Boor ◽  
Lukas S Borcherding ◽  
Carolin Edler ◽  
Sven Gerber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Safe Work ◽  
Hygiene Measures ◽  
Positive Controls

Confronted with an emerging infectious disease, the medical community faced relevant concerns regarding the performance of autopsies of COVID-19 deceased at the beginning of the pandemic. This attitude has changed, and autopsies are now recognized as indispensable tools for elucidating COVID-19; despite this, the true risk of infection for autopsy staff is still debated. To elucidate the rate of SARS-CoV-2 contamination in personal protective equipment (PPE), swabs were taken at nine locations of the PPE of one physician and an assistant each from 11 full autopsies performed at four different centers. Further samples were obtained for three minimally invasive autopsies (MIA) conducted at a fifth center. Lung/bronchus swabs of the deceased served as positive controls. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by RT-qPCR. In 9/11 full autopsies PPE samples were tested RNA positive with PCR, in total 21% of all PPE samples taken. The main contaminated parts of the PPE were the gloves (64% positive), the aprons (50% positive), and the upper sides of shoes (36% positive) while for example the fronts of safety goggles were only positive in 4.5% of the samples and all face masks were negative. In MIA, viral RNA was observed in one sample from a glove, but not in other swabs. Infectious virus isolation in cell culture was performed in RNA positive swabs from full autopsies. Of all RNA positive PPE samples, 21% of the glove samples were positive for infectious virus taken in 3/11 full autopsies. In conclusion, in >80% of autopsies, PPE was contaminated with viral RNA. In >25% of autopsies, PPE was found to be even contaminated with infectious virus, signifying a potential risk of infection among autopsy staff. Adequate PPE and hygiene measures, including appropriate waste deposition, are therefore mandatory to enable safe work environment.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 infectious virus, viral RNA in nasopharyngeal swabs, and serostatus of symptomatic COVID-19 outpatients in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie R. Mollan ◽  
Joseph J. Eron ◽  
Taylor J. Krajewski ◽  
Wendy Painter ◽  
Elizabeth R. Duke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
The United States ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

Background: SARS-CoV-2 infectious virus isolation in the upper airway of COVID-19 patients is associated with higher levels of viral RNA. However, comprehensive evaluation of the relationships between host and disease factors and infectious, replication competent virus is needed. Methods: Symptomatic COVID-19 outpatients were enrolled from the United States. Clinical symptoms were recorded via patient diary. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected to quantitate SARS-CoV-2 RNA by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and for infectious virus isolation in Vero E6-cells. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were measured in serum using a validated ELISA assay. Findings: Among 204 participants within one week of reported symptom onset (median=5, IQR 4-5 days), median age was 40 (min-max: 18-82 years), median nasopharyngeal viral RNA was 6.5 (IQR 4.7-7.6 log10 copies/mL), and 26% had detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at baseline. Infectious virus was recovered in 7% of participants with antibodies compared to 58% of participants without antibodies (probability ratio (PR)=0.12, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.36; p=0.00016). Infectious virus isolation was also associated with higher levels of viral RNA (mean RNA difference +2.6 log10, 95% CI: 2.2, 3.0; p<0.0001) and fewer days since symptom onset (PR=0.79, 95% CI: 0.71, 0.88 per day; p<0.0001). Interpretation: The presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is strongly associated with clearance of infectious virus isolation. Seropositivity and viral RNA are likely more reliable markers of infectious virus suppression than subjective measure of COVID-19 symptoms. Virus-targeted treatment and prevention strategies should be administered as early as possible and ideally before seroconversion. Funding: Ridgeback Biotherapeutics, LP and NIH ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04405570

scholarly journals Persistence of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Serum and Semen of Adult Boars

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Christopher-Hennings ◽  
Eric A. Nelson ◽  
Rebecca J. Hines ◽  
Julie K. Nelson ◽  
Sabrina L. Swenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Acute Stage ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Indirect Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Four seronegative adult boars were intranasally inoculated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolate VR-2332. Serum and semen were collected 2-3 times weekly for over 100 days postinoculation (DPI). Serum samples were assayed for PRRSV by virus isolation (VI) and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and screened for antibodies to PRRSV using the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and virus neutralization (VN) tests. Semen was assayed for PRRSV RNA by PCR. Virus or viral RNA was detected in the serum of all boars within 1 DPI by VI and/or PCR. However, VI results indicated that viremia was transient and occurred from 1 to 9 DPI. Viral RNA was detected in serum from 1 to 31 DPI. In the acute stage of the infection, PRRSV RNA was detected in serum by PCR prior to the presence of viral RNA in semen. The PRRSV RNA was detected in semen as early as 3 DPI and persisted for 25 DPI in 2 of the boars and 56 and 92 DPI in the remaining 2 boars. Detection of PRRSV RNA in semen occurred 2-8 and 28-35 days prior to the detection of antibodies by IFA and VN, respectively. PRRSV was isolated from the bulbourethral gland of the boar that shed viral RNA in semen for 92 DPI. These results suggest that PRRSV RNA can be detected by PCR in boar serum and semen, and may persist for variable periods of time. Viremia and the serologic status of the boar are not adequate indicators of when PRRSV or PRRSV RNA is being shed in the semen. Preliminary findings also indicated that neither shipping stress nor reinoculation with homologous PRRSV resulted in viremia or viral RNA shedding in semen.

scholarly journals An isolated epizootic of hemorrhagic-like fever in cats caused by a novel and highly virulent strain of feline calicivirus

2000 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.C Pedersen ◽  
J.B Elliott ◽  
A Glasgow ◽  
A Poland ◽  
K Keel
Keyword(s):  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Highly Virulent

Molecular detection of feline calicivirus in clinical samples: A study comparing its detection by RT-qPCR directly from swabs and after virus isolation

2018 ◽  
Vol 251 ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina L. Meli ◽  
Alice Berger ◽  
Barbara Willi ◽  
Andrea M. Spiri ◽  
Barbara Riond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Feline Calicivirus

THE SITUATION OF SMALLPOX IN SHEEP AND GOATS INTHE MOSCOW REGION

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-52
Author(s):  
I.L. LEONTIEVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
Sheep Breeding ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Virulent Virus ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Highly Virulent

The article is devoted to smallpox of sheep and goats, an infectious disease caused by a highly virulent virus. The disease is characterized by fever, intoxication, development of papular-pustular rash on the skin and mucous membranes. The disease causes huge damage to sheep breeding, due to losses from death, forced slaughter of animals, reduced productivity, and the cost of veterinary and sanitary and security-quarantine measures. Specifi c treatments for sheep pox patients have not been developed.

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