Neuropathic Pain Post Spinal Cord Injury Part 2: Systematic Review of Dorsal Root Entry Zone Procedure

OBJECTIVESurgically created lesions of the spinal cord dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) to relieve central pain after spinal cord injury (SCI) have historically been performed at and cephalad to, but not below, the level of SCI. This study was initiated to investigate the validity of 3 proposed concepts regarding the DREZ in SCI central pain: 1) The spinal cord DREZ caudal to the level of SCI can be a primary generator of SCI below-level central pain. 2) Neuronal transmission from a DREZ that generates SCI below-level central pain to brain pain centers can be primarily through sympathetic nervous system (SNS) pathways. 3) Perceived SCI below-level central pain follows a unique somatotopic map of DREZ pain-generators.METHODSThree unique patients with both intractable SCI below-level central pain and complete spinal cord transection at the level of SCI were identified. All 3 patients had previously undergone surgical intervention to their spinal cords—only cephalad to the level of spinal cord transection—with either DREZ microcoagulation or cyst shunting, in failed attempts to relieve their SCI below-level central pain. Subsequent to these surgeries, DREZ lesioning of the spinal cord solely caudal to the level of complete spinal cord transection was performed using electrical intramedullary guidance. The follow-up period ranged from 1 1/2 to 11 years.RESULTSAll 3 patients in this study had complete or near-complete relief of all below-level neuropathic pain. The analyzed electrical data confirmed and enhanced a previously proposed somatotopic map of SCI below-level DREZ pain generators.CONCLUSIONSThe results of this study support the following hypotheses. 1) The spinal cord DREZ caudal to the level of SCI can be a primary generator of SCI below-level central pain. 2) Neuronal transmission from a DREZ that generates SCI below-level central pain to brain pain centers can be primarily through SNS pathways. 3) Perceived SCI below-level central pain follows a unique somatotopic map of DREZ pain generators.

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Dorsal root entry zone microcoagulation for spinal cord injury—related central pain: operative intramedullary electrophysiological guidance and clinical outcome

Journal of Neurosurgery Spine ◽

10.3171/spi.2002.97.2.0193 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 97 (2) ◽

pp. 193-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Scott Falci ◽

Lavar Best ◽

Rick Bayles ◽

Dan Lammertse ◽

Charlotte Starnes

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Dorsal Root ◽

Central Pain ◽

Entry Zone ◽

Dorsal Root Entry Zone ◽

Content Type ◽

Root Entry Zone ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Electrical Data ◽

Fine Print

Object. Surgically created lesions of the spinal cord dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) to relieve central pain after spinal cord injury (SCI) have historically resulted in modest outcomes. A review of the literature indicates that fair to good relief of pain is achieved in approximately 50% of patients when an empirical procedure is performed. This study was undertaken to determine if intramedullary electrical guidance in DREZ lesioning could improve outcomes in patients with SCI-induced central pain. Additionally, electrical data were used to determine if the spinal cord could be somatotopically mapped with regard to this pain of central origin. Methods. Forty-one patients with traumatic SCI and intractable central pain underwent DREZ lesioning in which intramedullary electrical guidance was conducted. In nine patients, recording of DREZ-related spontaneous electrical hyperactivity guided the lesioning process. In 32 patients, recording of DREZ-induced evoked electrical hyperactivity during transcutaneous C-fiber stimulation (TCS) additionally guided lesioning. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 7 years. The analyzed electrical data allowed for somatotopic mapping of the spinal cord. Conclusions. Intramedullary electrical guidance of DREZ lesioning substantially improves pain outcomes in patients with traumatic SCI—induced central pain, compared with an empiric technique. The best outcome occurs when DREZ-related spontaneous electrical hyperactivity and evoked hyperactivity during TCS are both used to guide the DREZ lesioning procedure. With such guidance, 100% relief of pain was achieved in 84% of patients and 50 to 100% relief of pain in 88%. Somatotopic mapping of the electrical data led to a proposed pain mechanism for below-level pain, implicating the sympathetic nervous system.

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Laser-induced dorsal root entry zone lesions for pain control

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1983.59.5.0884 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 59 (5) ◽

pp. 884-886 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Walter J. Levy ◽

Alan Nutkiewicz ◽

Q. Michael Ditmore ◽

Clark Watts

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Dorsal Root ◽

Scar Tissue ◽

Intractable Pain ◽

Entry Zone ◽

Dorsal Root Entry Zone ◽

Content Type ◽

Root Entry Zone ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Alternative Means

✓ Dorsal root entry zone lesions have been documented as effective for control of intractable pain in patients with brachial plexus avulsion or severe spinal cord injury. These lesions are usually made with the radiofrequency technique. The authors report three cases in which the CO2 laser was used as an alternative means of making the lesions. This latter technique provided effective pain relief in two of the patients and was efficient to use. It was noted that the presence of overlying scar tissue can be deceptive in judging the depth of the lesion made with the laser. The CO2 laser provided a means of producing controlled spinal cord lesions which may be more precise than the radiofrequency method.

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Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesioning: Systematic Review

Arquivos Brasileiros de Neurocirurgia Brazilian Neurosurgery ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1719003 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Giovanna Zambo Galafassi ◽

Paulo Henrique Pires Aguiar ◽

André Akira Takahashi ◽

Jorge Roberto Pagura

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Spinal Cord ◽

Chronic Pain ◽

Dorsal Root ◽

Spinal Cord Injuries ◽

Lumbosacral Plexus ◽

Entry Zone ◽

Dorsal Root Entry Zone ◽

Root Entry Zone ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction Dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) leasioning (DREZ-otomy) is considered an effective treatment for chronic pain due to spinal cord injuries, brachial and lumbosacral plexus injuries, postherpetic neuralgia, spasticity, and other conditions. The objective of the technique is to cause a selective destruction of the afferent pain fibers located in the dorsal region of the spinal cord. Objective To identify and review the effectiveness and the main aspects related to DREZ-otomy, as well as the etiologies that can be treated with it. Methods The PubMed, MEDLINE and LILACS databases were used as bases for this systematic review, having the impact factor as the selection criteria. The 23 selected publications, totalizing 1,099 patients, were organized in a table for systematic analysis. Results Satisfactory pain control was observed in 70.1% of the cases, with the best results being found in patients with brachial/lumbosacral plexus injury (70.8%) and the worst, in patients with trigeminal pain (40% to 67%). Discussion Most of the published articles observed excellent results in the control of chronic pain, especially in cases of plexus injuries. Complications are rare, and can be minimized with the use of new technologies for intraoperative monitoring and imaging. Conclusion DREZ-otomy can be considered a great alternative for the treatment of chronic pain, especially in patients who do not tolerate the side effects of the medications used in the clinical management or have refractory pain.

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Spinal and Nucleus Caudalis Dorsal Root Entry Zone Operations for Chronic Pain

Operative Neurosurgery ◽

10.1227/01.neu.0000317398.93218.e0 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 62 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. ONS235-ONS244 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Yucel Kanpolat ◽

Hakan Tuna ◽

Melih Bozkurt ◽

Atilla Halil Elhan

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Chronic Pain ◽

Dorsal Root ◽

Intractable Pain ◽

Entry Zone ◽

Dorsal Root Entry Zone ◽

Root Entry Zone ◽

Surgical Methods ◽

Cord Injury

Abstract Objective: Dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) operations came into medical practice after the demonstration of increased electrical activity in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and brainstem in patients with deafferentation of the central nervous system after injury to these areas. The aim of the study was to describe the technique and the effectiveness of spinal DREZ and nucleus caudalis (NC) DREZ operations, which may be the treatments of choice in unique chronic pain conditions that do not respond to medical therapy or any other surgical methods. Methods: Fifty-five patients (44 spinal, 11 NC DREZ) underwent 59 (48 spinal, 11 NC DREZ) operations. There were 44 men and 11 women with a mean age of 46.4 years (range, 24–74 yr). The mean follow-up period was 72 months (range, 6 mo–20 yr). Follow-up assessments were performed with clinical examination on the first day and in the sixth and twelfth months postoperatively. Patients' pain scores and Karnofsky Performance Scale scores were also evaluated pre- and postoperatively. Results: The initial success rates for spinal and NC DREZotomy procedures were 77 and 72.5%, respectively. In the spinal DREZotomy group, mortality occurred in one patient (2.2%). There were two cases of transient muscle weakness (4.4%) and two of cerebrospinal fluid fistulae (4.4%). In the NC DREZotomy group, mortality occurred in one patient (9%). There were two cases of transient ataxia (18%) and two of transient hemiparesis (18%). Conclusion: Spinal and trigeminal NC DREZ operations are effective in the treatment of intractable pain syndromes, especially in traumatic brachial plexus avulsions, segmental pain after spinal cord injury, postherpetic neuralgia, topographically limited cancer pain, and atypical facial pain.

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Dorsal root entry zone lesions to control central pain in paraplegics

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1981.55.3.0414 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 414-419 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

Blaine S. Nashold ◽

Elizabeth Bullitt

Keyword(s):

Dorsal Root ◽

Central Pain ◽

Entry Zone ◽

Dorsal Root Entry Zone ◽

Content Type ◽

Root Entry Zone ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Fine Print

✓ Thirteen patients with intractable long-term pain following spinal cord injury and paraplegia were treated with dorsal root entry zone lesions placed at the level just above the transection. Pain relief of 50% or more was achieved in 11 of the 13 patients, with follow-up periods ranging from 5 to 38 months. A previous report showed that central pain from brachial plexus avulsion could be relieved by dorsal root entry zone lesions, and this technique has been extended to the central pain phenomena associated with spinal trauma and paraplegia.

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