Post-imperial anxieties and conflicts, 1970-90

2019 ◽  
pp. 89-114
Author(s):  
Sally Tomlinson ◽  
Sally Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Curriculum Change ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
European Economic ◽  
British Identity ◽  
The Public ◽  
Immigration Control ◽  
The Uk

Chapter 4 documents the way in which former colonised subjects with a variety of backgrounds, languages and religions were openly regarded as a threat to a British identity. Political moves included more immigration control and campaigns for repatriation. Violent clashes between the police and young minorities took place during the 1980s. Comprehensive schooling expanded and minorities were subsumed under the label of disadvantage. Attempts by teachers, local authorities, minority parents and academics to change policies in a multicultural and anti-racist direction were met with hostility. The public schools and some universities, educating many current politicians and civil servants, were not notable for embracing curriculum change. After a referendum the UK finally joined a European Economic Community in 1975.

5. Brexit

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-120
Author(s):  
Anne Dennett
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Parliamentary Sovereignty ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Domestic Law

This chapter discusses UK membership of the European Union and the Brexit process. On 1 January 1973, the UK became a member of the European Economic Community, and the UK Parliament passed the European Communities Act 1972, allowing directly applicable European laws to take effect as part of UK domestic law which had an impact on parliamentary sovereignty. In the 2016 Brexit referendum, a narrow majority of the public voted in favour of leaving the European Union and the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 repealed the European Communities Act 1972 on exit day when the UK left the European Union. Brexit has made significant changes to the UK constitution including the creation of a new body of retained EU law in UK domestic law, an impact on devolution, and raising the question of whether it has been a sufficient constitutional moment to trigger a codified UK constitution.

scholarly journals Does Brexit Spell the Death of Transnational Law?

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (S1) ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Michaels
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Transnational Law ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk

Philip Jessup would not be pleased. Exactly sixty years after he published his groundbreaking book onTransnational Law, a majority of voters in the United Kingdom decided they wanted none of that. By voting for the UK to leave the European Union, they rejected what may well be called the biggest and most promising project of transnational law. Indeed, the European Union (including its predecessor, the European Economic Community), is nearly as old Jessup's book. Both are products of the same time. That invites speculation that goes beyond the immediate effects of Brexit: Is the time of transnational law over? Or can transnational law be renewed and revived?

The Redefinition of the Concept of Nationality in the UK: Between Historical Responsibility and Normative Challenges

Politics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiorella Dell'Olio
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Historical Responsibility ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
European Citizenship ◽  
The Uk

This article analyses the extent to which UK membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) has influenced the redefinition of the concept of nationality in the United Kingdom and the retreat from historical responsibility with respect to citizens of Commonwealth countries. After first describing the rights that have most defined nationality in the United Kingdom prior to its membership to the EEC, it is argued that the EEC has only indirectly influenced the redefinition of UK nationality in three main respects: (a) from the early 1970s, the issue of nationality has been a frequent subject of discussion in parliament; (b) at the same time, there was the need to define nationality for EEC law purposes; and (c) the establishment of European citizenship reinforced nationality not only because nationality represented a means by which to benefit from additional rights, but also because it became a foundation for the construction of subsequent immigration policy. The article suggests that the indirect effect of the EEC on the redefinition of nationality has also provided a legitimate means by which to reconsider the idea of citizenship first in terms of exclusion and inclusion and secondly in terms of detachment from historical responsibility.

scholarly journals “HOW GRAND IS OUR DESIGN FOR EUROPE?”: INTEGRATION PLANS OF THE GREAT BRITAIN IN THE LATE OF 1950S

2016 ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
E. V. Khakhalkina
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Integration ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Supranational Integration ◽  
The Uk

The UK European Union membership referendum 2016 and its results actualized the study of the British initiatives in the sphere of integration before the entry into the European Economic Community in 1973. The article is devoted to the little-known in Russian historiography "Grand Design"of H. Macmillan, nominated in the wake of the failure of the Suez operation against Egypt in 1956. Plan with such bright and eye-catching name suggested the creation of a broad integration group in Europe as alternative with Britain as a leader to the preparing for the establishment of projects of the European Economic Community and the European Atomic energy community. The project was designed to restore the prestige of the Conservative Party and to strengthen the shaky position of Britain in NATO and European affairs after Suez Crisis. At the same time the emergence of the plan reflected the desire of the Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan to weaken the struggle inside political establishment between supporters and opponents of the country's full-fledged participation in the European integration and take the lead in the integration movement from France. Analysis of the content of the project and attempts to implement it within the framework of a Free Trade Area (FTA) reveals the essence of the "special position" of the UK towards supranational integration and the British vision of the future of European integration. Modern United Kingdom appeared in the new European realities after the Referendum on the country’s membership in the European Union and returns to the starting point on the path of supranational integration and to the search for its place in Europe. In these circumstances, the ideas expressed by British politicians more than half a century ago, may again prove to be demanded and relevant.

11. Parliamentary Sovereignty within the European Union

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Loveland
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
European Constitution ◽  
Constitutional Order ◽  
Parliamentary Sovereignty ◽  
Treaty Of Rome ◽  
The Uk

This chapter examines the way in which the UK’s membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) prompted changes in the domestic constitutional order. The discussions include the founding principles of the Treaty of Rome; the accession of the UK into the EEC; EEC law, parliamentary sovereignty, and the UK courts; and the horizontal and vertical effects of directives. The chapter explores the controversies engendered by the Maastricht, Amsterdam, and Lisbon Treaties; and concludes by assessing whether continued EC membership will entail a loss of the UK’s ‘sovereignty’ to a federal European constitution and a rebalancing of power within the constitution between Parliament and the courts.

Programming the Common Market: The Making and Failure of a ‘Dirigiste’ Europe, 1957–1967

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Hugo Canihac
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Economic Governance ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

This article contributes to the debate about the history of the political economy of the European Economic Community (EEC). It retraces the efforts during the early years of the EEC to implement a form of ‘European economic programming’, that is, a more ‘dirigiste’ type of economic governance than is usually associated with European integration. Based on a variety of archives, it offers a new account of the making and failure of this project. It argues that, at the time, the idea of economic programming found many supporters, but its implementation largely failed for political as well as practical reasons. In so doing, it also brings to light the role of economists during the early years of European integration.

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