Programming the Common Market: The Making and Failure of a ‘Dirigiste’ Europe, 1957–1967

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Hugo Canihac
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Economic Governance ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

This article contributes to the debate about the history of the political economy of the European Economic Community (EEC). It retraces the efforts during the early years of the EEC to implement a form of ‘European economic programming’, that is, a more ‘dirigiste’ type of economic governance than is usually associated with European integration. Based on a variety of archives, it offers a new account of the making and failure of this project. It argues that, at the time, the idea of economic programming found many supporters, but its implementation largely failed for political as well as practical reasons. In so doing, it also brings to light the role of economists during the early years of European integration.

Around Cologne cathedral (1954-1957)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Segers
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
European Economic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Hague ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Cologne Cathedral

Dutch unease with European integration refused to go away. The Common Market – the single most important project in the history of European integration – excluded the UK and therefore the Anglo-Saxon connection so desired by the Dutch. Moreover, kindred spirits like West Germany’s Ludwig Erhard had been outmanoeuvred: during the crucial phase of negotiations for the Rome Treaties, Chancellor Adenauer decided that Franco-German friendship must be prioritised over economic calculations, given the tense international situation (marked by escalating violence in Suez and Hungary and resurgent nationalism ahead of the Saar referendum). Events caught The Hague by surprise once again: behind the scenes, the signing of the Treaties of Rome on the European Economic Community in March 1957 received a lukewarm welcome.

Plan G – A ‘Counterblast’? British Policy towards the Messina Countries, 1956

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (01) ◽  
pp. 39-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schaad
Keyword(s):  
European Economic Community ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
New Labour ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Labour Government ◽  
European Economic ◽  
European Project ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

As the new Labour government has declared its intention to enhance Britain's role in Europe, there is renewed interest in the chequered history of Anglo-European relations. Of particular relevance in view of the present policy reappraisal is the period between 1955 and 1963, as the challenge here is to account for perhaps the most fundamental policy reversal: from Britain's refusal to take part in the common market project launched by the six member countries of the European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC) at the Messina conference to Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's effort to negotiate entry into the European Economic Community (EEC). Given that this latter effort proved unsuccessful, it is said by some that the earlier date represents the British failure to seize the opportunity to be part of the European project. The catchphrase‘missing the boat at Messina’ – though not undisputed – is most illustrative of this view.

scholarly journals Europeans on Holiday

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-206
Author(s):  
Elisa TIZZONI
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Leisure Travel ◽  
Mass Tourism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tourism Policy

Aiming to provide an overview on the tourism policy implemented by the European Economic Community from the early 1960s until today, the research gives a contribution to fill a gap in current European Integration History, since Historians devoted little attention to the role of tourism in the integration process. To achieve this goal, the article addresses the mutual interactions between the making of Europe and the spread of mass tourism, by a focus on the role played from the Commission and the Council in the field of leisure travel. Broadly speaking, achievements and contradictions of the attempts to set a true tourism policy throughout the decades are investigated. From a methodological point of view, the research owes to the so-called “new history of European integration”, to the extent that multiple layers are taken into account, in order to assess the consequences of EEC tourism policy on society as a whole.

Social History of European Integration

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-82
Author(s):  
Hartmut Kaelble
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Social History ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

In theory, the social history of European integration could be written in three different ways.l The first method would be to adopt the perspective of political historians and political scientists, who would apply social history to learn about new, neglected, but powerful factors affecting European integration. They might, for instance, try to identify those social factors underlying the founding of the European coal and steel community in 1950 or discuss the social background behind the creation of the European Economic Community in 1957.

scholarly journals The United Kingdom’s Entry into the European Economic Community (1960’s – early 1970’s)

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Valerii Pavlenko
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
European Community ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Western European

The author of the article examines the history of the United Kingdom’s entry into the European Economic Community in the 1960’s and early 1970’s, namely, he analyses the historical experience of the country’s transformation from a world Empire to a European power. The article is primarily focused on the fact that the United Kingdom’s policy on Western European integration has evolved considerably since the late 1950’s. It is noted that at the beginning of the 1960’s, the Europeanization of attitudes was gradually developing both in the UK’s power structures and among the population. The key reasons for the negative outcome of the UK’s first attempt to join the EEC are considered. Position and role of the country’s government executives in the development and implementation of the European integration policy are determined. It is stated that a major barrier to the United Kingdom’s entry into the European community was the position of France, which did not want the British to become full-fledged EEC member. It is pointed out that significant progress in the rapprochement of the UK and the EEC was achieved only at the end of 1969, with the decision to expand this organization. It is noted that it was after the meeting of Georges Pompidou and Edward Heath that an agreement on the terms of UK’s entry into the European Economic Community was finally reached. The article also focuses on the analysis of benefits of membership in the European Community for the British people. The special role of the Edward Heath’s ministry, during whose term of office it was decided to consider London’s Western European policy as a priority, is pointed out. And finally, it is determined that the adaptation of the United Kingdom as a member of the EEC has lasted many years, during which many issues arising have not been resolved.

Quot judices tot sententiae: A study of the English reaction to continental interpretive techniques

Legal Studies ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shael Herman
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Legal Services ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Substantive Law ◽  
Recent Editorial

When the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community in 1973, the English bench and bar must have perceived only dimly the challenges before them. Like contemporary descendants of Noah, they dropped into a Babel of languages and legal terms indispensable to the operation of the European Commission and the Court of Justice. Membership in the European Economic Community entailed the substantive harmonisation of English laws with those of other member states, and England's common law tradition could not have made the process easy. But the scope of the harmonisation task reached beyond substantive law to deeply rooted judicial attitudes toward the role of legislation and techniques of interpretation. In a recent editorial, Dr C. D. Ehlermann, Director of Legal Services for the European Commission, offered reasons for the English judiciary's potential resistance towards harmonisation of interpretative techniques.

State and Private Pension Schemes in the European Economic Community and the United Kingdom

1963 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. N. Ratcliff
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
Treaty Of Rome ◽  
The Common

The European Economic Community came into existence on 1 January 1958, following the ratification of the Treaty of Rome by the parliaments of the six member countries, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The long-term aim of ‘The Six’ in setting up the Community was to achieve a unified economic unit with a common economic policy, and whilst commonly referred to in the United Kingdom as the Common Market it should not be thought of merely as an advanced form of customs union.

The Common Market and Conservative Party politics, 1961–2

1967 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Butt
Keyword(s):  
European Economic Community ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
Common Market ◽  
British Politics ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The Third ◽  
Marginal Part ◽  
The Common

The Common Market as an issue in domestic British politics under the Macmillan government – and distinct from the negotiations, as such, with the European Economic Community – can be considered under three broad heads. First, there is the question how the decision to seek entry for Britain was taken. How far was it a political decision; how far was it motivated by the views of civil servants; how far was it prompted by interest groups in industry and finance ? Secondly, how did the Conservative Party become converted to the idea of British membership of the European Economic Community and how significant was the opposition to the idea that developed in the party ? The third question is what effect, if any, did domestic political opposition to the Common Market have on the French President's eventual veto of the project ?Except by implication, the third question is excluded from consideration here. Only a close student of French domestic politics is competent to evaluate how far, if at all, the hostility to the European idea in a section of the Conservative Party and the official objections of the Labour Party to British membership of EEC on any terms that then seemed negotiable, made it easier for the French President to impose his final veto. Conceivably, the possibility that a successor labour government might disown any treaty that the conservatives had signed may have played a marginal part in assisting the President's attitude in the final stages.

scholarly journals International problems and the research on process of the European integration from the establishment of the communities to the single European act

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-180
Author(s):  
Maja Kovacevic
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Single European Act ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Western European

Based on research topics that have been discussed in the context related to the European integration in the journal International Problems in the period 1949-1990, the aim of this paper is to consider the extent to which the Yugoslav science of international relations followed this process. The main thesis is that domestic science has studied all relevant aspects of the integration process and has kept up with the times and the key theoretical frameworks. After World War II, the focus was on the economic and political situation of the Western European countries, their interests, as well as the security context in which were launched the first integration initiatives: the German issue, the Marshall Plan, the Cold war and bipolar world, the process of decolonisation, the failure of the European Defense Community and the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community and EURATOM. At the beginning of the 60s of the 20th century, great attention was devoted to the study of regional integration in general and its models, as well as the expected effects. Along with the slowdown in the European integration process in the late 60s and throughout the 70s, the attention of researchers gradually shifted to individual policies and initiatives of the European Economic Community: the Common Agricultural Policy, development of regional policy, association agreements, the Mediterranean policy, initiatives in the field of monetary integration. The 80s of the last century were dominated by themes that marked this decade in the process of European integration: factors for change in the European Economic Community, the initiatives for reform of the Treaty, the Mediterranean enlargement, the Single European Act, the program for completing the internal market, changes in the social policy of the Community and measures to promote technological development and strategy for the industry. Along with it, the focus was on the relationship between the United States and the Western European countries, East-West relations and relations of Yugoslavia with the Community.

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