Capital Cities and Urban Form in Pre-modern China: Luoyang, 1038 BCE to 938 CE by Victor Cunrui Xiong

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Capital Cities

scholarly journals Settlement Planning and Urban Symbology in Syro-Anatolian Cities

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Complex Societies ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Monumental Sculpture ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Primary Basis ◽  
City State ◽  
Full Consideration

Few subjects have excited the imagination of archaeologists working in ancient complex societies as have monumentality and urban planning. Yet the two topics are rarely explicitly theorized in a sustained integrated investigation within a single study, despite the fact that monumental architecture is often considered a primary basis for identifying the presence of urban planning. This article makes the related methodological arguments that both phenomena benefit from a more full consideration of one another, and that the meaningful aspect of monumentality and urban symbology needs to be considered in conjunction with the formal aspect of monuments and urban layouts. These positions are then implemented in a study of the Syro-Anatolian city-state system that existed in the ancient Near East during the early first millennium bc. The capital cities of these polities were characterized by a program of monumentality that brought royalty, city walls, gates and monumental sculpture into an unmistakable constellation of associations. The consistency of this pattern of monumentality and urban form suggests that at least a degree of urban planning existed.

Imperialism in the city: war and the making of the municipal administration in the French Concession of Shanghai in the Taiping period, 1853–1862

Urban History ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-151
Author(s):  
Chong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Local History ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Municipal Administration ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
Western Imperialism ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

AbstractThis article, based on western primary sources, seeks to investigate the relationship between western imperialism in China and the making of modern Chinese statecraft in urban form, focusing on the French perspective and on historical institutionalism. Both internal rebellions and western empires shaped modern Chinese cities. The Chinese response to western intervention is a more complicated story. Pace Paul Cohen, we do need to know about foreign activities in modern China – not as ‘impact-response’ and ‘tradition-modernity’ paradigms – but rather as part of local history, both in terms of local administration and urban landscape. Euro-American expansion and exploitation are not part of a unitary or totalizing enterprise, and warfare and Franco-British conflicts facilitated the making of modern municipal administration in the French Concession of Shanghai; on the other hand, Chinese forces indirectly shaped the structure of the institutions of imperialism, as well as pointing to divergent national approaches to imperialism.

scholarly journals Street Tree Density and Distribution: An International Analysis of Five Capital Cities

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Smart ◽  
Theodore S. Eisenman ◽  
Andrew Karvonen
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Urban Greening ◽  
Street Trees ◽  
Climate Zones ◽  
Climate Zone ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Tree Distribution ◽  
Street Tree

Municipal leaders around the world are demonstrating significant interest in urban greening to realize a range of socioecological benefits. The urban greening toolkit often includes street trees, an essential component of urban design informed by historic legacies of both human and environmental factors. To date, there has been little comparative analysis of street tree density and distribution across international and intercontinental settings, and associated research has not been situated within the broader discussion of historical legacies. This study focuses on five capital cities (Ottawa, Stockholm, Buenos Aires, Paris, and Washington, DC) situated in two climate zones and it addresses two research questions: (1) What are the density and distribution of street trees across a given city and its street hierarchy? and (2) How do these metrics compare within and between cities by climate zone? The analysis draws upon up-to-date datasets from local authorities and includes geospatial analysis of street trees across hierarchical street classes within the central zones of each city. The results show clear differences in street tree density in cities within and between climate zones as well as differences in street tree distribution in cities within the same climate zone. Substantial differences within climate zones further suggest that cultural factors—including but not limited to urban form, aesthetic norms, and governance regimes—may play a pivotal role in the distribution and density of street trees. This illustrates the importance of place-specific cultural and environmental legacies as determinants of street tree density and distribution and supports further comparative research on the topic.

Walls and Gates, Windows and Mirrors: Urban Defences, Cultural Memory, and Security Theatre in Song Kaifeng

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-118
Author(s):  
Ari Daniel Levine
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Cultural Memory ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Open Approach ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
Personal Security ◽  
Southern Song ◽  
Northern Song ◽  
City Walls

Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song (960-1127) dynasty, boasted sophisticated siege defence installations, which were ultimately breached by the Jurchen invasion of 1126-1127. According to both the archaeological and textual evidence, its concentric city walls and militarized gates with barbicans and bastions represented a crucial stage in the militarization of urban form in early-modern China, as well as a more open approach to planning. While Kaifeng’s urban defences evoked imperial majesty and personal security for Northern Song residents who described them, diasporic literati of the Southern Song (1127-1279) invoked the violation of this defensive perimeter as a metonym for the invasion of their lost homeland. The concept of security theatre explains how Northern Song Kaifeng’s city walls and gates could simultaneously function as efficacious siege defence installations and be perceived as symbolic defences.

A Comparison of Economic and Social Implications of Rapid Urbanization in Lima and Santiago de Chile

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Carpenter ◽  
Myriam Quispe-Agnoli
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
South American ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
Economic Boom ◽  
American Cities

Peru and Chile have experienced an economic boom in recent decades that has transformed the urban form of their respective capital cities of Lima and Santiago. According to United Nations data, Lima and Santiago numbered just over one million inhabitants each in 1950. From 1950 to 2010 Lima’s population grew 740 percent and Santiago 351 percent, to 8.95 million inhabitants in Lima and 5.96 million in Santiago, part of a corresponding migration from rural to urban areas throughout Latin America. In this period, the urban form of each city was modified to accommodate growth. Urban development has been typified by densification of the core, agricultural land conversion, and a rise in informal settlements (barriadas or pueblos jóvenes in Lima and callampas in Santiago). In both Lima and Santiago, fragmented, polycentric growth has had transformative effects. The paper compares social, economic, and urban form indicators of urban sub-units in each city to understand the spatial and social connotations of growth and centrality in two South American cities. Given the largely unimpeded growth and resultant urban form, is decentralization a means for increasing access to amenities and citizen participation or is the lack of regional planning detrimental to vulnerable populations?

The Mental Health and Social Exclusion European Network

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Leonori ◽  
Manuel Muñoz ◽  
Carmelo Vázquez ◽  
José J. Vázquez ◽  
Mary Fe Bravo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
European Union ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Outcome Evaluation ◽  
World Federation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Homeless Mentally Ill ◽  
The Impact

This report concerns the activities developed by the Mental Health and Social Exclusion (MHSE) Network, an initiative supported by the Mental Health Europe (World Federation of Mental Health). We report some data from the preliminary survey done in five capital cities of the European Union (Madrid, Copenhagen, Brussels, Lisbon, and Rome). The main aim of this survey was to investigate, from a mostly qualitative point of view, the causal and supportive factors implicated in the situation of the homeless mentally ill in Europe. The results point out the familial and childhood roots of homelessness, the perceived causes of the situation, the relationships with the support services, and the expectations of future of the homeless mentally ill. The analysis of results has helped to identify the different variables implicated in the social rupture process that influences homelessness in major European cities. The results were used as the basis for the design of a more ambitious current research project about the impact of the medical and psychosocial interventions in the homeless. This project is being developed in 10 capital cities of the European Union with a focus on the program and outcome evaluation of the health and psychosocial services for the disadvantaged.

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