The Role of UN Documentation in Shaping Narratives at the International Criminal Court and the Implications for the Rights of the Accused

The International Criminal Court (icc) is an independent treaty-based international organisation acting in close cooperation with the United Nations (UN). To that end, organs of the Court have extensively relied on UN documentation in proceedings. These materials have been used to support grounds for the exercise of jurisdiction, demonstrate legal elements of crimes, and prove matters of fact. In recent practice, including in the situations of Palestine, Bangladesh/Myanmar, and Mali, UN materials have been used to establish legal and factual matters on the primary basis that they represent the ‘views of the international community’. This paper examines the ways in which Court organs rely on UN documentation in icc proceedings. It assesses the interplay of such information with rights of the accused. The paper concludes that in order to safeguard its credibility and the fairness of the proceedings, the Court should adopt specific guidelines relating to the evaluation of and admissibility of UN materials.

KINERJA OPERASIONAL PELABUHAN PERIKANAN DI PERAIRAN TELUK SEMANGKA KABUPATEN TANGGAMUS LAMPUNG

The Semangka Bay in Tanggamus Regency of Lampung Province is a potential area for capture fisheries activities. The fishing port as the primary basis for the capture fisheries sector can increase regional economic growth. The fishing ports in Tanggamus Regency have physical and non-physical problems, so efforts to develop fishing ports are needed. The preparation of these efforts required information about the operational conditions of fishing ports. This study aims to describe the operational conditions of the fishing port in the Tanggamus Regency. The research method is descriptive with two stages. The first assessment of the operational performance of fishing ports. Second, gap assessment of fishing ports. The result showed that the average value of fishing ports operational performance is 26%, and the average gap value is 74%. The operational condition of the fishing ports in the Tanggamus Regency is classified as inferior. Fishing port facilities are the criteria with the lowest performance and the highest gap. Improvements to the fishing ports in Tanggamus Regency are needed through procurement and repair of fishing port facilities by local governments.

MONTAGE AS SPATIAL RECONSTRUCTION OPERATION METHOD IN DESIGNING CINEMATIC ARCHITECTURE

This article investigated montage to understand and arrange cinematic architecture through operations of spatial reconstruction to present a sequence of spatial experiences. Montage is a part of discourses related to cinematic, film, and architecture. This article explored the montage approach as the primary basis in the architectural design process through spatial experience. The discussion is based on the idea that montage is emphasized in three things, i.e., sequence, multiple layers of meaning, and movement. These three aspects were further observed through the montage precedent comprising various cinematic precedents based on montage in architecture, i.e., Manhattan Transcripts and Parc de La Villette from Bernard Tschumi, Villa Savoye from Le Corbusier, and Maison Bordeaux from Rem Koolhaas. The finding of this study is a synthesis of some of these precedents that resulted in an understanding of space reconstruction operations, i.e., dismantlement, disappearance, and reassembly, all three of which exist as strategies that will be part of the production process to develop montage-based cinematic architectural design, creating new spatial sequence that provide alternative spatial experience. This article expands the knowledge regarding montages that cinematics and films can be a development in architectural design.

Marginal Abatement Cost of Carbon Emissions under Different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways

Future emissions scenarios have served as a primary basis for assessing climate change and formulating climate policies. To explore the impact of uncertainty in future emissions scenarios on major outcomes related to climate change, this study examines the marginal abatement cost (MAC) of carbon emissions under the latest Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) subject to the economic optimum and the 1.5 °C temperature increase constraint using the Epstein-Zin (EZ) climate model. Taking the ”Regional Rivalry” (SSP3) scenario narrative under the economic optimum as a representative case, the expected MACs per ton CO2 equivalent (CO2e) emissions in the years 2015, 2030, 2060, 2100, and 2200 are: $102.08, $84.42, $61.19, $10.71, and $0.12, respectively. In parallel, the associated expected average mitigation rates (AMRs) are 0%, 63%, 66%, 81%, and 96%, respectively. In summary, in a world developing towards regional rivalry (SSP3) or fossil-fueled development (SSP5) with high mitigation pressure, the MAC values have approximately doubled, compared with the sustainability (SSP1) and inequality (SSP4) storylines with low mitigation pressure levels. The SSP2 (Middle of the Road) shows a moderate MAC decreasing trend with moderate mitigation pressure. The results provide a carbon price benchmark for policy makers with different attitudes towards the unknown future and can be used to formulate carbon mitigation strategy to respond to specific climate goals.

Determination of Ideal Cooking Conditions for Pulp Production from Avocado Wood (Persea americana Mill.) by Kraft Method

In this study, hand sheets were made from pulp produced by the Kraft method using avocado wood. The raw materials were supplied by a fruit orchard and consisted of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees that had completed their useful life and were cut during routine thinning maintenance. In order to determine the ideal cooking conditions in the production of pulp from avocado wood via the Kraft method, 16 cooks were carried out by varying the cooking time (T), active alkali (AA), and sulfidity (S) ratios. The general pulp properties, especially the screened pulp yield, pulp viscosity, and Kappa number, were evaluated. The pulp yield was taken as the primary basis in determining the cooking conditions. The ideal cooking conditions were also determined by considering some physical, mechanical, and optical properties of the paper. According to this study, the conditions found to be ideal in pulp production from avocado (Persea americana Mill.) wood via the Kraft method were: 18 % AA, 22 % S, and 75 min T.

"Unity in thinking: transformations of the concept of cooperation in the German cognitive-linguistic continuum"

The work is an attempt to consider the concept of “cooperation” in cognitive-linguistic terms, taking as a syntagmatic basis “thinking”, which contains the motivating feature of the primary basis: the cognitive verb denken [think]. The term “semantic function” is one of the main terms in the work: this function acts as a stimulus for semantic transformation and the formation of a new semantic quality. The aim of the research is to analyze different semantic transformations in: 1. Formation of a derivative prefixed verb mitdenken. 2. Formation of the reflexive verbs sich einigen and sich sammeln. 3. Formation of the construction “adverb and cognitive verb”: miteinanderdenken/ zusammendenken / gemeinsamdenken. 4. Formation of the construction “preposition, pronoun and cognitive verb”: mit anderen erarbeiten. Through the method of componential analysis, the work presents lexemes, morphemes and functional words referring to the same semantic field.

Defining Boundaries: Towards an Identity of The Malaysian Third Sector

Reviews of the literature suggest the Malaysian third sector lacks basic descriptive information. Research on what makes up the sector is scarce, indicating little effort was undertaken to define and identify its components from the Malaysian perspective. This paper proposes the scope of the Malaysian third sector by suggesting its boundaries and identifying the constituents. Inclusion was based on the structural-operational definition of third sector organisations developed by Salamon and Anheier (1992, 1996) and the primary basis for exclusion is distribution of profits to shareholders and promoters. It is proposed that social, voluntary, non-governmental and nonprofit organisations make up the Malaysian third sector, while state linked organisations and profit-distributing organisations such as cooperatives and social enterprises are excluded. Knowing the third sector’s boundaries and constituents would allow more focussed research to be undertaken; enabling actors, researchers, and policymakers to identify issues and develop policies and strategies to address them.

PRINCIPLES OF APPROACH TO DETERMINATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL ELEMENT BASE FOR AUTOMATION OF MACHINING PRODUCTION PREPARATION THROUGHOUT CYCLE

The use in the practice of design works of technological preparation of production (CCI) of parameters of design quality of the main elements of integration of the design (checkpoint) element base prevents transition of CCI to information technology of automation of a certain level of solution of problems of practice throughout its cycle. This is manifested, in particular, in the fact that during the change of technological operations of transformation along their route, as well as between the stages of CCI and checkpoint, information and logical links of knowledge are objectively interrupted. When determining a continuous, flexible algorithm in the technology of automation of solving problems of CCI practice, significant difficulties arise. Concepts of existing knowledge were often not up-to-date, which hampered automation – a fast communication system was needed. The primary basis of automation is the formalization of knowledge. Insufficient formalization of knowledge (the content is descriptive) leads to the use of inefficient dialogue technologies, the work of which is organized with reference information in the electronic form of its display. To overcome these difficulties, the structure of the CCI knowledge base in its hierarchy is proposed for seven levels of basic objects of various types, it is based on formalized approaches. Knowledge objects are focused on the consistent and continuous solution of CCI practice throughout its cycle. The structure of all knowledge objects is based on its own technological element base, which is organic for CCI. Only on such an elementary basis can the main target functions of CCI be realistically achieved in solving the problems of its practice on their possible set.

Salience in EFL speakers’ perceptions of formality: (In)formal greetings and address forms combined with (in)formal nouns, verbs, and adjectives

This study explores whether English-dominant (ED) speakers and speakers of English as a foreign language (EFL) perceive the same degrees of formality in combinations of (in)formal greetings (Hi/Dear) and address forms (informal First Name/Ms. Last Name) with (in)formal nouns, verbs, and adjectives (Latinate/Germanic). It also explores which of these variants the two groups perceive as salient in communicating formality. Twenty-five ED undergraduates in Canada and 27 EFL undergraduates in Slovakia rated the formality of 20 sentence-length examples of business email correspondence and identified features that were the primary basis for their formality rating. Distributions of 11 of the formality ratings were statistically significantly different in the two groups (with most effect sizes ranging from small to medium), and trends in the reports of salient features suggested that the EFL speakers focused on the formality of address forms more frequently than did the ED speakers. The findings are discussed in relation to infelicitous interlingual transfer and strategies for developing pragmatic competence.

A Review of the Impact of the Digital Transformation on the Global and European Economy

The paper aims to present digital transformation as a process that has been taking place in the digital economy and the European Union’s economy in recent years and its impact on changes in the economic and social sphere. As a starting point, this paper considers the importance of advanced technology products in the global production and trade in the global and European economy, including information and communication technologies, which constitute the primary basis for the development of the digital economy. The paper shows that leading technologies can allow sustainable development goals (SDGs) to be achieved faster and more effectively. It is necessary to eliminate the persistent, significant income differences between developing and highly developed countries and disparities in access to the use of innovative solutions (including social innovation).