Preparation of proton-exchange LiNbO_3 waveguides in benzoic acid vapor

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rams ◽  
J. M. Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Acid Vapor

Water Effect on Proton Exchange of X-cut Lithium Niobate in the Melt of Benzoic Acid

2015 ◽  
Vol 476 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Mushinsky ◽  
A. M. Minkin ◽  
I. V. Petukhov ◽  
V. I. Kichigin ◽  
D. I. Shevtsov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Niobate ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Water Effect

STUDY ON THE PHOTOREFRACTIVE PROPERTIES OF Sc, In CO-DOPED LITHIUM NIOBATE CRYSTALS

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (25) ◽  
pp. 1277-1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZHAOPENG XU ◽  
SHIWEN XU ◽  
YUHENG XU ◽  
RUI WANG
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Czochralski Method ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Damage Resistance ◽  
Vacancy Model ◽  
Proton Source ◽  
Photo Damage ◽  
Lithium Niobate Crystals ◽  
Co Doped ◽  
Exchange Technique

The Sc:In:LiNbO 3 crystals co-doped with 0.5 mol% Sc 2 O 3 and 0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mol% In 2 O 3 were grown by the Czochralski method. The structure of the crystals was measured by infrared spectra. The mechanism of the shift of OH - absorption peak was investigated. The photo-damage resistance ability of Sc:In:LiNbO 3 crystals was observed by the straightly observing transmission facula distortion method. The Sc:In:LiNbO 3 waveguide substrates were fabricated by the proton exchange technique using benzoic acid as the proton source. The photo-damage thresholds of these y-cut waveguide substrates were measured by the m-line method. The results measured by the two methods above all show that the photo-damage resistance ability of Sc:In:LiNbO 3 crystals increases two orders of magnitude in comparison with that of pure LiNbO 3 crystals. The mechanism of the enhancement of the photo-damage resistance ability of Sc:In:LiNbO 3 crystals is discussed by Li -vacancy model.

TEM characterization of proton-exchanged LiNbO3 optical waveguides

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 480-481
Author(s):  
W. E. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Optical Waveguides ◽  
Total Internal Reflection ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Lithium Ions ◽  
Wide Channel ◽  
Tem Characterization

An optical waveguide consists of a several-micron wide channel with a slightly different index of refraction than the host substrate; light can be trapped in the channel by total internal reflection.Optical waveguides can be formed from single-crystal LiNbO3 using the proton exhange technique. In this technique, polished specimens are masked with polycrystal1ine chromium in such a way as to leave 3-13 μm wide channels. These are held in benzoic acid at 249°C for 5 minutes allowing protons to exchange for lithium ions within the channels causing an increase in the refractive index of the channel and creating the waveguide. Unfortunately, optical measurements often reveal a loss in waveguiding ability up to several weeks after exchange.

Bjerkandera adusta as a source of benzoic acid derivatives targeting 26S proteasome and cathepsins B&L

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Georgousaki ◽  
N Tsafantakis ◽  
S Gumeni ◽  
V González-Menéndez ◽  
G Lambrinidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Bjerkandera Adusta ◽  
Benzoic Acid Derivatives
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