Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterial organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this context, reference to the word ‘disease’ is important, as TB implies Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection associated with symptoms. Approximately 10% of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is manifest as disease. In the large majority of cases, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is latent and defined by evidence of a measurable and significant cell-mediated immune response to mycobacterial antigens, in the absence of clinical or radiological evidence of disease. TB may be clinically classified further according to the site of disease. Miliary TB refers to systemic disease that may affect multiple organs.