The effects of prolonged sitting, prolonged standing, and activity breaks on vascular function, and postprandial glucose and insulin responses: A randomised crossover trial

Abstract Children with sleep disordered breathing (SDB) have evidence of increased blood flow velocity and sympathetic overactivity. Sympathetic overactivity leads to peripheral vasoconstriction, increased vascular resistance and consequently, increases blood flow velocity. Early vascular ageing involves premature arterial thickening and stiffening that leads to changes in vascular function. Both increased blood flow velocity and sympathetic overactivity are promoters of arterial remodelling and hence, early vascular ageing. No studies have directly histologically investigated arterial wall structure in children with SDB and how it relates to vascular function. Thirty-six children scheduled for tonsillectomy underwent polysomnography to determine SDB severity and resting brachial artery blood flow velocity (velocity time integral and peak systolic velocity) using Doppler ultrasound. The dorsal lingual artery (tonsil) was stained using hematoxylin and eosin techniques to examine arterial wall structures. Increased velocity time integral correlated with increased arterial medial thickness (r = 0.50, P<0.01), arterial smooth muscle cells (r =0.43, P<0.05) and arterial smooth muscle layers (r=0.45, P<0.01). These relationships remained significant after controlling for body-mass index (BMI). Increased BMI was associated with increased velocity time integral (r=0.61, P<0.01), arterial medial thickness (r=0.37, P<0.05) and arterial medial area (r=0.36, P<0.05). SpO2nadir (TST/REM) was inversely associated with arterial medial area (r=-0.35; r=-0.38, P<0.05). These results demonstrate that increased blood flow velocity is associated with changes in arterial wall composition in children with SDB. This suggests that paediatric SDB, a treatable disorder, is potentially a modifiable risk factor for early vascular ageing and resultant cardiovascular disease in adulthood.

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Aerobic training status does not attenuate prolonged sitting-induced lower limb vascular dysfunction

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2018-0420 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 425-433 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ryan S. Garten ◽

Austin C. Hogwood ◽

Jennifer B. Weggen ◽

R. Carson Fralin ◽

Kathryn LaRosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Vascular Function ◽

Aerobic Training ◽

Vascular Dysfunction ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Training Status ◽

Prolonged Sitting ◽

Leg Movement ◽

The Relationship

This study examined if the degree of aerobic training protects against the lower limb vascular dysfunction associated with a prolonged sitting bout. Ten young, aerobically trained (AT) and 10 young, untrained (UT) individuals completed a prolonged (3 h) sitting bout. Leg vascular function was measured prior to and at 1.5 and 3 h into the prolonged sitting bout using the passive leg movement (PLM) technique. PLM-induced hyperemia was significantly reduced from baseline at 1.5 and 3 h into the prolonged sitting bout in both groups when evaluated as peak change in leg blood flow from baseline (Δ LBF) (UT: 956 ± 140, 586 ± 80, and 599 ± 96 mL·min−1 at baseline, 1.5 h, and 3 h, respectively; AT: 955 ± 183, 789 ± 193, and 712 ± 131 mL·min−1 at baseline, 1.5 h, and 3 h, respectively) and LBF area under the curve (UT: 283 ± 73, 134 ± 31, and 164 ± 42 mL·min−1 at baseline, 1.5 h, and 3 h, respectively; AT: 336 ± 86, 242 ± 86, and 245 ± 73 mL·min−1 at baseline, 1.5 h, and 3 h, respectively), but no significant differences between groups were revealed. No significant correlations were observed when examining the relationship between maximal oxygen uptake (relative and absolute) and reductions in leg vascular function at 1.5 and 3 h into the prolonged sitting bout. This study revealed that aerobic training did not provide a protective effect against prolonged sitting-induced lower limb vascular dysfunction and further highlights the importance of reducing excessive sitting in all populations.

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Decreased arterial distensibility and postmeal hyperinsulinemia in young Japanese women with family history of diabetes

BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care ◽

10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001244 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. e001244

Author(s):

Mika Takeuchi ◽

Bin Wu ◽

Mari Honda ◽

Ayaka Tsuboi ◽

Kaori Kitaoka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Family History ◽

Vascular Function ◽

Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Japanese Women ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Significant Independent Predictor ◽

Arterial Distensibility ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

History Of

IntroductionTo assess vascular function and characterize insulin secretion using a physiological approach in Japanese women with family history of type 2 diabetes (FHD).Research design and methodsStandardized mixed-meal tests were performed with multiple postprandial glucose, insulin and free fatty acids (FFA) measurements over a 30–120 min period in 31 Japanese women aged 21–24 years. Arterial distensibility was assessed as well.ResultsFasting glucose, triglyceride and insulin averaged <90 mg/dL, <60 mg/dL and <5 μU/mL, respectively, and did not differ cross-sectionally between 10 with (FHD+) and 21 without FHD (FHD–). FHD+ showed higher insulin responses not only during the first 30 min (p=0.005) but also during the second hour (60–120 min, p<0,05) in spite of identical postprandial suppression of FFA and identical fasting and postprandial glucose and FFA concentrations, except for higher 60 min FFA in FHD+. Further, FHD+ had decreased arterial distensibility (p=0.003). On multivariate regression analysis, arterial distensibility emerged as the only significant independent predictor of FHD+. Endurance training in FHD+ did not alter decreased arterial distensibility whereas it abolished postprandial hyperinsulinemia.ConclusionsFHD was associated with decreased arterial distensibility and postprandial hyperinsulinemia despite nearly identical postprandial glycemia and postprandial FFA suppression, suggesting that impaired vascular insulin sensitivity may precede glucose and lipid dysmetabolism in normal weight Japanese women aged 22 years.

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Eight weeks of fish oil supplementation does not prevent sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2019-0138 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 55-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Takuma Morishima ◽

Yosuke Tsuchiya ◽

Jaume Padilla ◽

Eisuke Ochi

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Placebo Group ◽

Endothelial Dysfunction ◽

Endothelial Function ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Popliteal Artery ◽

Double Blind ◽

Prolonged Sitting ◽

Epa And Dha ◽

Before And After

Prolonged sitting impairs leg endothelial function and this impairment is thought to be mediated by a sustained reduction in blood flow-induced shear stress. However, whether nutritional strategies can be used to prevent sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction remains unknown. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that 8 weeks of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation would prevent endothelial dysfunction associated with sitting. Nineteen healthy men were randomly assigned to a placebo group or EPA+DHA group in a double-blind fashion. The EPA+DHA group was administered EPA-rich fish oil, containing 600 mg EPA and 260 mg DHA per day for 8 weeks. The placebo group received matching capsules for the same duration of time. Popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured at baseline and before and after a 3-h sitting period. During sitting, blood pressure, popliteal artery diameter, and blood velocity were measured every hour. Throughout the sitting period, popliteal artery blood flow and shear rate were markedly and similarly reduced in both groups (P < 0.05). However, counter to the hypothesis, 3 h of sitting impaired popliteal artery FMD to the same extent in both groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, daily EPA and DHA supplementation is not effective at preventing the detrimental effects of prolonged sitting on leg endothelial function. Novelty We provide evidence that sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction in young healthy subjects cannot be remediated by a nutritional strategy known to produce cardiovascular benefits. This could be partially due to the low total dose of EPA and DHA administered.

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Frequency of Interruptions to Sitting Time: Benefits for Postprandial Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes

10.2337/figshare.14096582.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ashleigh R. Homer ◽

Frances C. Taylor ◽

Paddy C. Dempsey ◽

Michael J. Wheeler ◽

Parneet Sethi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Clinical Relevance ◽

Crossover Trial ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Sitting Time ◽

Postprandial Metabolism ◽

Prolonged Sitting ◽

Randomized Crossover Trial ◽

Insulin Responses

Purpose: To determine whether interrupting sitting with brief bouts of simple resistance activities (SRAs) at different frequencies improves postprandial glucose, insulin and triglycerides in adults with medication-controlled type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: Participants [n=23, 10 females, Age: 62±8 y (mean±SD), BMI: 32.7 ± 3.5 kg.m-2] completed a three-armed randomized crossover trial (6-14 day washout): sitting uninterrupted for 7 h (SIT); sitting with 3-minute SRAs (half-squats, calf raises, gluteal contractions, and knee raises) every 30 minutes (SRA3); and, sitting with 6-minute SRAs every 60 minutes (SRA6). Net incremental areas under the curve (iAUCnet) for glucose, insulin, and triglycerides were compared between conditions. Results: <a>Glucose and insulin 7 h iAUCnet were attenuated significantly during SRA6 (glucose 17.0 mmol.h.L-1, 95% CI 12.5, 21.4; insulin 1229 pmol.h.L-1, 95% CI 982, 1538) when compared to SIT (glucose 21.4 mmol.h.L-1, 95% CI 16.9, 25.8; insulin 1411 pmol.h.L-1, 95% CI 1128, 1767; P < 0.05), and compared to SRA3 ( for glucose only; 22.1 mmol.h.L-1, 95% CI 17.7, 26.6; P = 0.01) No significant differences in glucose or insulin iAUCnet were observed comparing SRA3 and SIT. There was no statistically significant effect of condition on triglyceride iAUCnet. </a> Conclusion: In adults with medication-controlled T2D, interrupting prolonged sitting with 6-minute SRAs every 60 minutes reduced postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Other frequencies of interruptions and potential longer-term benefits require examination to clarify clinical relevance.

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Frequency of Interruptions to Sitting Time: Benefits for Postprandial Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes

10.2337/figshare.14096582.v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ashleigh R. Homer ◽

Frances C. Taylor ◽

Paddy C. Dempsey ◽

Michael J. Wheeler ◽

Parneet Sethi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Clinical Relevance ◽

Crossover Trial ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Sitting Time ◽

Postprandial Metabolism ◽

Prolonged Sitting ◽

Randomized Crossover Trial ◽

Insulin Responses

Purpose: To determine whether interrupting sitting with brief bouts of simple resistance activities (SRAs) at different frequencies improves postprandial glucose, insulin and triglycerides in adults with medication-controlled type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: Participants [n=23, 10 females, Age: 62±8 y (mean±SD), BMI: 32.7 ± 3.5 kg.m-2] completed a three-armed randomized crossover trial (6-14 day washout): sitting uninterrupted for 7 h (SIT); sitting with 3-minute SRAs (half-squats, calf raises, gluteal contractions, and knee raises) every 30 minutes (SRA3); and, sitting with 6-minute SRAs every 60 minutes (SRA6). Net incremental areas under the curve (iAUCnet) for glucose, insulin, and triglycerides were compared between conditions. Results: <a>Glucose and insulin 7 h iAUCnet were attenuated significantly during SRA6 (glucose 17.0 mmol.h.L-1, 95% CI 12.5, 21.4; insulin 1229 pmol.h.L-1, 95% CI 982, 1538) when compared to SIT (glucose 21.4 mmol.h.L-1, 95% CI 16.9, 25.8; insulin 1411 pmol.h.L-1, 95% CI 1128, 1767; P < 0.05), and compared to SRA3 ( for glucose only; 22.1 mmol.h.L-1, 95% CI 17.7, 26.6; P = 0.01) No significant differences in glucose or insulin iAUCnet were observed comparing SRA3 and SIT. There was no statistically significant effect of condition on triglyceride iAUCnet. </a> Conclusion: In adults with medication-controlled T2D, interrupting prolonged sitting with 6-minute SRAs every 60 minutes reduced postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Other frequencies of interruptions and potential longer-term benefits require examination to clarify clinical relevance.

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Prolonged sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction is prevented by fidgeting

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.00297.2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 311 (1) ◽

pp. H177-H182 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Takuma Morishima ◽

Robert M. Restaino ◽

Lauren K. Walsh ◽

Jill A. Kanaley ◽

Paul J. Fadel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Shear Stress ◽

Shear Rate ◽

Endothelial Dysfunction ◽

Endothelial Function ◽

Popliteal Artery ◽

Artery Blood Flow ◽

Pronounced Increase ◽

Prolonged Sitting ◽

Leg Movement

Prolonged sitting impairs endothelial function in the leg vasculature, and this impairment is thought to be largely mediated by a sustained reduction in blood flow-induced shear stress. Indeed, preventing the marked reduction of shear stress during sitting with local heating abolishes the impairment in popliteal artery endothelial function. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that sitting-induced reductions in shear stress and ensuing endothelial dysfunction would be prevented by periodic leg movement, or “fidgeting.” In 11 young, healthy subjects, bilateral measurements of popliteal artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) were performed before and after a 3-h sitting period during which one leg was subjected to intermittent fidgeting (1 min on/4 min off) while the contralateral leg remained still throughout and served as an internal control. Fidgeting produced a pronounced increase in popliteal artery blood flow and shear rate (prefidgeting, 33.7 ± 2.6 s−1 to immediately postfidgeting, 222.7 ± 28.3 s−1; mean ± SE; P < 0.001) that tapered off during the following 60 s. Fidgeting did not alter popliteal artery blood flow and shear rate of the contralateral leg, which was subjected to a reduction in blood flow and shear rate throughout the sitting period (presit, 71.7 ± 8.0 s−1 to 3-h sit, 20.2 ± 2.9 s−1; P < 0.001). Popliteal artery FMD was impaired after 3 h of sitting in the control leg (presit, 4.5 ± 0.3% to postsit: 1.6 ± 1.1%; P = 0.039) but improved in the fidgeting leg (presit, 3.7 ± 0.6% to postsit, 6.6 ± 1.2%; P = 0.014). Collectively, the present study provides evidence that prolonged sitting-induced leg endothelial dysfunction is preventable with small amounts of leg movement while sitting, likely through the intermittent increases in vascular shear stress.

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Prolonged standing reduces fasting plasma triglyceride but does not influence postprandial metabolism compared to prolonged sitting

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0228297 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. e0228297 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Charles K. Crawford ◽

John D. Akins ◽

Emre Vardarli ◽

Anthony S. Wolfe ◽

Edward F. Coyle

Keyword(s):

Plasma Triglyceride ◽

Postprandial Metabolism ◽

Prolonged Standing ◽

Prolonged Sitting ◽

Fasting Plasma

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P105 Endocrine, autonomic and vascular function in children with Sleep Disordered Breathing

SLEEP Advances ◽

10.1093/sleepadvances/zpab014.148 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A55-A55

Author(s):

A Noone ◽

K Lushington ◽

D Kennedy ◽

J Martin ◽

P Vokolos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Flow Velocity ◽

Blood Flow Velocity ◽

Vascular Function ◽

Sympathetic Activity ◽

Endocrine Function ◽

Light Reflex ◽

Pupil Light Reflex ◽

Increased Blood Flow ◽

Serum And Urine

Abstract SDB is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and co-exists with chronic endocrine disorders such as type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Children with SDB have increased blood flow velocity, an indicator of reduced vascular compliance and early vascular aging. Increased blood flow velocity is positively associated with sympathetic activity, increased arterial sympathetic nerve fibre density and endothelial damage. Whether changes in endocrine function occur concomitantly with altered autonomic and vascular function in children with SDB was assessed. Thirty six children scheduled for tonsillectomy underwent overnight polysomnography (SDB severity), pupil light reflex (autonomic function), fasting brachial artery blood flow assessment (vascular function - Doppler Ultrasound). Leptin and Ghrelin - both hormonal markers associated with sympathetic activity were measured in urine using ELISA and serum using MagPlex. The following dimensions of the dorsal lingual artery (tonsil) were measured – medial thickness, medial area, smooth muscle cell number/layers. We observed a positive correlation between serum and urine leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Increased blood flow velocity and arterial medial thickness were both associated with increased serum and urine leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Pupil light reflex was negatively associated with serum leptin and ghrelin levels. OAHI was positively correlated with leptin and ghrelin concentration (urine and serum) but not blood flow velocity. Blood flow velocity was inversely correlated with SpO2 nadir (REM). Our findings suggest that SDB has a global effect on the autonomic, vascular and endocrine systems.The impact of untreated paediatric SDB on the development of comorbidities in later life needs urgent attention.

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Frequency of Interruptions to Sitting Time: Benefits for Postprandial Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes

10.2337/figshare.14096582 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ashleigh R. Homer ◽

Frances C. Taylor ◽

Paddy C. Dempsey ◽

Michael J. Wheeler ◽

Parneet Sethi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Clinical Relevance ◽

Crossover Trial ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Sitting Time ◽

Postprandial Metabolism ◽

Prolonged Sitting ◽

Randomized Crossover Trial ◽

Insulin Responses

Purpose: To determine whether interrupting sitting with brief bouts of simple resistance activities (SRAs) at different frequencies improves postprandial glucose, insulin and triglycerides in adults with medication-controlled type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: Participants [n=23, 10 females, Age: 62±8 y (mean±SD), BMI: 32.7 ± 3.5 kg.m-2] completed a three-armed randomized crossover trial (6-14 day washout): sitting uninterrupted for 7 h (SIT); sitting with 3-minute SRAs (half-squats, calf raises, gluteal contractions, and knee raises) every 30 minutes (SRA3); and, sitting with 6-minute SRAs every 60 minutes (SRA6). Net incremental areas under the curve (iAUCnet) for glucose, insulin, and triglycerides were compared between conditions. Results: <a>Glucose and insulin 7 h iAUCnet were attenuated significantly during SRA6 (glucose 17.0 mmol.h.L-1, 95% CI 12.5, 21.4; insulin 1229 pmol.h.L-1, 95% CI 982, 1538) when compared to SIT (glucose 21.4 mmol.h.L-1, 95% CI 16.9, 25.8; insulin 1411 pmol.h.L-1, 95% CI 1128, 1767; P < 0.05), and compared to SRA3 ( for glucose only; 22.1 mmol.h.L-1, 95% CI 17.7, 26.6; P = 0.01) No significant differences in glucose or insulin iAUCnet were observed comparing SRA3 and SIT. There was no statistically significant effect of condition on triglyceride iAUCnet. </a> Conclusion: In adults with medication-controlled T2D, interrupting prolonged sitting with 6-minute SRAs every 60 minutes reduced postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Other frequencies of interruptions and potential longer-term benefits require examination to clarify clinical relevance.

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