Does the U.S. Navy’s reliance on objective standards prevent discrimination in promotions and retentions?

To prevent discrimination, the U.S. Navy enlisted-personnel promotion process relies primarily on objective measures. However, it also uses the subjective opinion of a sailor’s superior. The Navy’s promotion and retention process involves two successive decisions: The Navy decides whether to promote an individual, and conditional on that decision, the sailor decides whether to stay. Using estimates of these correlated decision-making processes, we find that during 1997–2008, Blacks and Hispanics were less likely to be promoted than Whites, especially during wartime. The Navy’s decision-making affects Blacks’ differential promotion rates by twice as much as differences in the groups’ characteristics. However, Nonwhite retention probabilities, even when not promoted, are higher than for Whites, in part because they have fewer opportunities in the civilian market. Females have lower promotion rates than males and slightly lower retention rates during wartime.

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Linguistic Analysis of Clinical Communications

Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care ◽

10.1177/2327857914031034 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 207-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Esa Rantanen ◽

Cecilia Ovesdotter Alm ◽

Tracy Worrell ◽

Nancy Valentage ◽

Nick Iuliucci

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Time Pressure ◽

Objective Measures ◽

Decision Making Under Uncertainty ◽

Clinical Consultation ◽

Measurement Tools ◽

Patterns Of Communication ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Patient Consultation

This project took a unique perspective on the investigation of decision making in healthcare by examining clinician-patient consultation using methods from linguistics and communication. Our goal was to identify cognitive and behavioral patterns in interactions of clinicians-in-trainings with patients that correspond to decision making processes in time constrained situations. Objective measures of clinician-patient communications in both naturalistic and simulated settings is a promising way to examine clinician decision making under uncertainty and time pressure, and to identify specific errors in decision making that may lead to misdiagnoses. We sought to detect distinguishable patterns of communication adopted by clinicians-in-training in clinical consultation settings under time pressure. A pilot study reported in this paper provides objective measurement tools to study miscommunication within clinician-patient consultations and may positively influence the treatments and services offered within patient consultations.

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The Language of War: A Replication and Extension of Abe (2012) and Matsumoto and Huang (2013)

10.31219/osf.io/9fgu8 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Kayla Nicole Jordan ◽

Erin Michelle Buchanan ◽

William Edward Padfield

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Military Action ◽

Legislative Body ◽

Language Analysis ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Behavioral Action ◽

Legislative Decision ◽

The U.S ◽

Area Of Study

Legislative bodies have very important roles and understanding the psychology of their decision-making processes is a useful area of study. We add to this area by replicating two previous studies Abe (2012) and Matsumoto, and Hwang (2013) in the context of a legislative body. The present study hypothesized that legislators who support war measures be externally focused and less cognitively complex in their speeches while opponents of war measures would be internally focused. Speeches were obtained pertaining to the decisions for the U.S. to take military action in Kosovo, Iraq, and Libya. While we found mixed results depending on the circumstances of a specific conflict, we demonstrate how automated language analysis can be combined with voting records to better understand behavioral action, such as legislative decision.

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Factions in Committees: The U.S. House of Representatives

American Political Science Review ◽

10.2307/1954732 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 85-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Glenn R. Parker ◽

Suzanne L. Parker

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

International Relations ◽

House Of Representatives ◽

Component Analysis ◽

Public Works ◽

Agriculture Education ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Committee Decision Making ◽

Foreign Commerce ◽

The U.S

This study undertakes a major reanalysis of the decision-making processes in eight committees of the U.S. House of Representatives–Agriculture, Education and Labor, Interior and Insular Affairs, International Relations, Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Post Office and Civil Service, Public Works and Ways and Means. While past studies have relied mainly on interviews, this study uses a data base composed of recorded committee roll-call votes. The analysis consists of a Q-component analysis to determine voting blocs or factions; an R-component analysis to discover issue dimensions; and step-wise regression and correlation utilizing demographic, political and electoral characteristics to define the nature of the voting blocs. The results are then compared with previous analyses of the same eight committees to determine what changes, if any, have occurred since the committees were last analyzed. The findings suggest that partisanship and ideology have become stronger influences on committee decision making than previously noted.

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Cognitive Processing of Miscommunication in Interactive Listening: An Evaluation of Listener Indecision and Cognitive Effort

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00128 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Jennifer M. Roche ◽

Arkady Zgonnikov ◽

Laura M. Morett

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Cognitive Processing ◽

Language Processing ◽

Cognitive Effort ◽

Mouse Tracking ◽

Computer Mouse ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Computer Mouse Tracking ◽

Listening Task ◽

Processing Effort

Purpose The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the social and cognitive underpinnings of miscommunication during an interactive listening task. Method An eye and computer mouse–tracking visual-world paradigm was used to investigate how a listener's cognitive effort (local and global) and decision-making processes were affected by a speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication. Results Experiments 1 and 2 found that an environmental cue that made a miscommunication more or less salient impacted listener language processing effort (eye-tracking). Experiment 2 also indicated that listeners may develop different processing heuristics dependent upon the speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication, exerting a significant impact on cognition and decision making. We also found that perspective-taking effort and decision-making complexity metrics (computer mouse tracking) predict language processing effort, indicating that instances of miscommunication produced cognitive consequences of indecision, thinking, and cognitive pull. Conclusion Together, these results indicate that listeners behave both reciprocally and adaptively when miscommunications occur, but the way they respond is largely dependent upon the type of ambiguity and how often it is produced by the speaker.

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“It's Not Humanly Possible to Do Everything”: Perspectives on Intervention Decision-Making Processes of Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Perspectives on Language Learning and Education ◽

10.1044/lle22.1.13 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 13-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Erinn Finke ◽

Kathryn Drager ◽

Elizabeth C. Serpentine

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Individualized Education Program ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Individual Decision ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Spectrum Disorders ◽

Interview Methodology ◽

Communication Interventions

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to understand the decision-making processes used by parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) related to communication-based interventions. Method Qualitative interview methodology was used. Data were gathered through interviews. Each parent had a child with ASD who was at least four-years-old; lived with their child with ASD; had a child with ASD without functional speech for communication; and used at least two different communication interventions. Results Parents considered several sources of information for learning about interventions and provided various reasons to initiate and discontinue a communication intervention. Parents also discussed challenges introduced once opinions of the school individualized education program (IEP) team had to be considered. Conclusions Parents of children with ASD primarily use individual decision-making processes to select interventions. This discrepancy speaks to the need for parents and professionals to share a common “language” about interventions and the decision-making process.

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