Human norovirus GII.4 Hong Kong variant shares common ancestry with GII.4 Osaka and emerged in Thailand in 2016

Human norovirus is a leading cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis, which affects all age groups and are found globally. Infections are highly contagious and often occur as outbreaks. Periodic emergence of new strains are not uncommon and novel variants are named after the place of first reported nucleotide sequence. Here, we identified human norovirus GII.4 Hong Kong variant in stool samples from Thai patients presented with acute gastroenteritis. Comparison of amino acid residues deduced from the viral nucleotide sequence with those of historical and contemporary norovirus GII.4 strains revealed notable differences, which mapped to the defined antigenic sites of the viral major capsid protein. Time-scaled phylogenetic analysis suggests that GII.4 Hong Kong shared common ancestry with GII.4 Osaka first reported in 2007, and more importantly, did not evolve from the now-prevalent GII.4 Sydney lineage. As circulation of norovirus minor variants can lead to eventual widespread transmission in susceptible population, this study underscores the potential emergence of the GII.4 Hong Kong variant, which warrants vigilant molecular epidemiological surveillance.

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Investigation of Children with Acute Gastroenteritis by Multiplex PCR Method in Central Part of Turkey

Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1740372 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Fatih Yılmaz ◽

Havva Kaya ◽

Mehmet Özdemir

Keyword(s):

Multiplex Pcr ◽

Acute Gastroenteritis ◽

Hospital Admissions ◽

Age Groups ◽

Viral Gastroenteritis ◽

Viral Agent ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Pcr Method ◽

Norovirus Gii

Abstract Objective Gastroenteritis is a disease that affects all age groups, especially children, and causes high mortality and morbidity in all countries. The most common agents of acute gastroenteritis are viral agents. As a result, millions of diarrhea attacks and hospital admissions occur worldwide every year due to viral gastroenteritis. This study uses the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to investigate the viruses that are the causative agents of viral gastroenteritis in the pediatric patient group in Konya, Turkey. Methods Stool samples of 94 patients aged 0 to 18 years sent from Emergency clinics and Pediatric outpatient clinics, Meram Medical Faculty Hospital Pediatric clinics, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University to Medical Microbiology Laboratory with a diagnosis of gastroenteritis between February and December 2018 were included in the study. Stool samples were stored at –80°C until the time of the analysis. Deoxyribonucleic acid/ribonucleic acid isolation from stool samples was performed with EZ1 Virus Mini Kit v2.0 (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) using an automatic extraction system (BioRobot EZ1 system, Qiagen). The presence of astrovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, norovirus (GI, GII), and sapovirus agents was investigated by the multiplex PCR method (Fast Track Diagnostics, Luxembourg) viral gastroenteritis kit. Results Viral gastroenteritis agents were detected in 56.3% of the patients. One viral agent was detected in 47 (50%) of these patients and at least two viral agents in 6 (6.3%) of them. Norovirus GII was detected in 20 (21.2%) of the children included in the study, adenovirus in 13 (13.8%), rotavirus in 11 (12.8%), astrovirus in 11 (11.7%), sapovirus in 4 (4.2%), and norovirus GI in 1 (1.06%). When the distribution of viral agents was examined by months, the most number of agents were observed (21; 35%) in May, followed by April and June (12; 20%). Considering the distribution of the prevalence of the agents by age, it was seen to be mainly between 0 and 12 months (42%). Conclusion Considering that the most common viral agent in our region is norovirus GII, it will be useful to investigate the norovirus that is not routinely examined in children who are admitted to clinics with the complaint of gastroenteritis. It will be appropriate to examine routinely adenovirus, rotavirus, and norovirus in the laboratory, especially in children with diarrhea and vomiting in the winter and spring months.

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A large outbreak of acute gastroenteritis caused by the human norovirus GII.17 strain at a university in Henan Province, China

Infectious Diseases of Poverty ◽

10.1186/s40249-017-0236-z ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Xue-Yong Huang ◽

Jia Su ◽

Qian-Chao Lu ◽

Shi-Zheng Li ◽

Jia-Yong Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Gastroenteritis ◽

Henan Province ◽

Human Norovirus ◽

Large Outbreak ◽

Norovirus Gii

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Norovirus GII.4 antibodies in the Portuguese population

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.4616 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (09) ◽

pp. 1201-1204 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

João Rodrigo Mesquita ◽

Maria São José Nascimento

Keyword(s):

Acute Gastroenteritis ◽

Age Groups ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Portuguese Population ◽

Seropositivity Rate ◽

Virus Like Particle ◽

Norovirus Gii ◽

Sporadic Acute Gastroenteritis ◽

Immune Assay

Introduction: Norovirus GII.4 is the leading cause of outbreaks of acute and sporadic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Information on the prevalence of norovirus in Portugal is scarce or null. Methodology: We used a GII.4 norovirus virus-like particle-based enzyme immune assay to measure the seropositivity rate of GII.4 norovirus. Results: A total of 342 (70%) out of 473 serum samples tested positive for anti-GII.4 norovirus IgG. No statistically significant differences were found between regions, sex and age groups. Conclusion: Norovirus GII.4 infections are frequent in Portugal.

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Identification of Human Norovirus GII.3 Blockade Antibody Epitopes

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13102058 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 2058

Author(s):

Yufang Yi ◽

Shuxia Wang ◽

Xiaoli Wang ◽

Pei Xiong ◽

Qingwei Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Acute Gastroenteritis ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Blood Group Antigens ◽

Human Norovirus ◽

Chimeric Vlps ◽

Virus Like Particle ◽

Norovirus Gii ◽

Vp1 Capsid Protein ◽

Antibody Epitopes

Human noroviruses are a common pathogen causing acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Among all norovirus genotypes, GII.3 is particularly prevalent in the pediatric population. Here we report the identification of two distinct blockade antibody epitopes on the GII.3 capsid. We generated a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from mice immunized with virus-like particle (VLP) of a GII.3 cluster 3 strain. Two of these mAbs, namely 8C7 and 8D1, specifically bound the parental GII.3 VLP but not VLPs of GII.4, GII.17, or GI.1. In addition, 8C7 and 8D1 efficiently blocked GII.3 VLP binding with its ligand, histo-blood group antigens (HBGA). These data demonstrate that 8C7 and 8D1 are GII.3-specific blockade antibodies. By using a series of chimeric VLPs, we mapped the epitopes of 8C7 and 8D1 to residues 385–400 and 401–420 of the VP1 capsid protein, respectively. These two blockade antibody epitopes are highly conserved among GII.3 cluster 3 strains. Structural modeling shows that the 8C7 epitope partially overlaps with the HBGA binding site (HBS) while the 8D1 epitope is spatially adjacent to HBS. These findings may enhance our understanding of the immunology and evolution of GII.3 noroviruses.

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Genome Sequence of a Human Norovirus GII.4 Hong Kong[P31] Variant in Hong Kong, China

Microbiology Resource Announcements ◽

10.1128/mra.01391-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Erin H. Y. Tse ◽

Lin-Yao Zhang ◽

Sin-Leung Lau ◽

Martin Chi-Wai Chan

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Next Generation Sequencing ◽

Genome Sequence ◽

Complete Genome ◽

Next Generation ◽

Human Norovirus ◽

Norovirus Gii ◽

Generation Sequencing

We report the nearly complete genome of a norovirus GII.4 Hong Kong[P31] variant (GII strain Hu/HK/2019/GII.4 Hong Kong[P31]/CUHK-NS-2200) that was detected in a patient with gastroenteritis in August 2019. The genome was sequenced by metagenomic next-generation sequencing and was found to have 92.8% nucleotide similarity to the closest GII.4 norovirus sequence in GenBank.

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The recombinant origin of emerging human norovirus GII.4/2008: intra-genotypic exchange of the capsid P2 domain

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/vir.0.039057-0 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 93 (4) ◽

pp. 817-822 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam ◽

Huachen Zhu ◽

David K. Smith ◽

Yi Guan ◽

Edward C. Holmes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A Virus ◽

Acute Gastroenteritis ◽

Influenza A ◽

Global Scale ◽

Human Norovirus ◽

New Variant ◽

Antigenic Shift ◽

Norovirus Gii ◽

Larger Sample ◽

Antigenic Domain

GII.4 noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. A new variant of GII.4, the 2008 variant, has recently increased its prevalence on a global scale. A previous study of this variant in Japan suggested that it might be of recombinant origin, with a breakpoint at the ORF1–ORF2 junction. Here, examination of the evolutionary origin of the 2008 variant based on a larger sample of worldwide GII.4 norovirus sequences revealed a more complex pattern of recombination between the 2006a- and 2006b-like variants of genotype GII.4, involving the P2 antigenic domain. Double (termed ‘2008i’) and triple (termed ‘2008ii’) recombinant forms of 2008 variants were identified. This study highlights the possible importance of intra-genotypic recombination over antigenic regions in driving norovirus evolution, and is suggestive of a process analogous to the antigenic shift of influenza A virus by reassortment.

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Molecular Epidemiology of Human Norovirus in Korea in 2013

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/468304 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jae-Seok Kim ◽

Hyun Soo Kim ◽

Jungwon Hyun ◽

Han-Sung Kim ◽

Wonkeun Song

Keyword(s):

Molecular Epidemiology ◽

Acute Gastroenteritis ◽

Antigen Test ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Human Norovirus ◽

Norovirus Gii

Norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis. The molecular epidemiology of norovirus exhibits temporal and geographical fluctuations, and new variants of the GII.4 genotype emerge every 2-3 years to cause global epidemics of acute gastroenteritis. We investigated GI and GII genotypes of human norovirus strains isolated from patients with acute gastroenteritis in Korea in 2013. Norovirus antigen test was performed on 2,980 fecal specimens from January to December 2013. RNA was extracted from norovirus antigen-positive fecal suspensions, and the norovirus capsid (VP1) and polymerase (RdRp) genes were characterized by RT-PCR and sequencing. Of the 230 genotyped strains, GII.4 (77.3%) was the most frequently observed capsid genotype, followed by GII.3 (6.1%) and GII.13 (3.9%). A norovirus GII.4 variant, GII.Pe/GII.4 Sydney 2012, was the most frequently found polymerase/capsid genotype (65.7%), followed by GII.P17/GII.17 (2.1%) and GII.P21/GII.3 (2.1%). Phylogenetic, similarity, and capsid epitope analyses of GII.Pe/GII.4 Sydney 2012 strains were performed. We concluded that the norovirus GII.4 variant, GII.Pe/GII.4 Sydney 2012, was the main cause of norovirus-related gastroenteritis in Korea in 2013.

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Molecular Characterization of Norovirus Strains Isolated from Older Children and Adults in Impoverished Communities of Vhembe District, South Africa

Advances in Virology ◽

10.1155/2020/8436951 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

G. Mulondo ◽

R. Khumela ◽

J. P. Kabue ◽

A. N. Traore ◽

N. Potgieter

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Pcr Amplification ◽

Limpopo Province ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Nucleotide Sequencing ◽

Older Children ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Human Norovirus ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Vhembe District

Background. Human norovirus (NoV) is an etiological agent associated with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in both children and adults worldwide. However, very few studies have been reported on the prevalence and genetic diversity of NoV strains in children older than 5 years of age and adults with little or inadequate water and sanitation conditions. Objectives. The aim of this study was assessing the prevalence of the human norovirus in older children and adults suffering with diarrhoea from rural communities in the Vhembe district, Limpopo province. Methods. Between August 2017 and October 2018, stool samples were collected from outpatients suffering from AGE and screened for NoV strains using the RIDA©GENE norovirus I and II real-time one-step RT-PCR. RNA extracts of NoV-positive samples were subjected to RT-PCR amplification and nucleotide sequencing to genotype the positive NoV strains. Results. Out of 80 collected stool samples, 13 (16%) were tested positive for norovirus. Genogroup GII was identified in 6/13 (46%) samples and genogroup GI in 7/13 (54%) samples. The sequence analyses showed multiple genotypes including GII.Pg, GII.1, GII.2, GII.4, and GI.3. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the relatedness of NoV genotypes identified with other strains reported globally. Conclusion. Continued systematic surveillance to evaluate norovirus association with diarrhoea is needed to assist with epidemiological surveillance and disease burden in people of all the age groups.

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Subcellular localization and purification of a p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase from cultured carrot cells and characterization of the corresponding cDNA

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj3250761 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 325 (3) ◽

pp. 761-769 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

Isabelle GARCIA ◽

Matthew RODGERS ◽

Catherine LENNE ◽

Anne ROLLAND ◽

Alain SAILLAND ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nucleotide Sequence ◽

Gel Filtration ◽

Peptide Sequence ◽

Amino Acid Residues ◽

Carrot Cells ◽

Expression Studies ◽

Sds Page ◽

Molecular Masses ◽

The Difference ◽

Dioxygenase Activity

p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase catalyses the transformation of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate into homogentisate. In plants this enzyme has a crucial role because homogentisate is the aromatic precursor of all prenylquinones. Furthermore this enzyme was recently identified as the molecular target for new families of potent herbicides. In this study we examine precisely the localization of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase activity within carrot cells. Our results provide evidence that, in cultured carrot cells, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase is associated with the cytosol. Purification and SDS/PAGE analysis of this enzyme revealed that its activity is associated with a polypeptide of 45–46 kDa. This protein specifically cross-reacts with an antiserum raised against the p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Gel-filtration chromatography indicates that the enzyme behaves as a homodimer. We also report the isolation and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding a carrot p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. The nucleotide sequence (1684 bp) encodes a protein of 442 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 48094 Da and shows specific C-terminal regions of similarity with other p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenases. This cDNA encodes a functional p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, as evidenced by expression studies with transformed Escherichia coli cells. Comparison of the N-terminal sequence of the 45–46 kDa polypeptide purified from carrot cells with the deduced peptide sequence of the cDNA confirms that this polypeptide supports p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase activity. Immunodetection studies of the native enzyme in carrot cellular extracts reveal that N-terminal proteolysis occurs during the process of purification. This proteolysis explains the difference in molecular masses between the purified protein and the deduced polypeptide.

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