Diagnosis of pine wilt disease using remote wireless sensing

Pine wilt disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a major tree disease that threatens pine forests worldwide. To diagnose this disease, we developed battery-powered remote sensing devices capable of long-range (LoRa) communication and installed them in pine trees (Pinus densiflora) in Gyeongju and Ulsan, South Korea. Upon analyzing the collected tree sensing signals, which represented stem resistance, we found that the mean absolute deviation (MAD) of the sensing signals was useful for distinguishing between uninfected and infected trees. The MAD of infected trees was greater than that of uninfected trees from August of the year, and in the two-dimensional plane, consisting of the MAD value in July and that in October, the infected and uninfected trees were separated by the first-order boundary line generated using linear discriminant analysis. It was also observed that wood moisture content and precipitation affected MAD. This is the first study to diagnose pine wilt disease using remote sensors attached to trees.

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Inhibition response of Pinus densiflora clones to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus systemic dispersal and their resistance to pine wilt disease

Nematology ◽

10.1163/138855410x535732 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 653-659 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Katsumi Togashi ◽

Hiroko Maezono ◽

Koji Matsunaga ◽

Satoshi Tamaki

Keyword(s):

Pinus Densiflora ◽

Resistance Mechanism ◽

Pine Wilt Disease ◽

Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽

Wilt Disease ◽

Pine Wilt ◽

Inhibition Response ◽

The Mean ◽

The Relationship ◽

Clone Group

AbstractTo determine the relationship between resistance to pine wilt disease and the inhibition of nematode systemic dispersal in Pinus densiflora, a suspension of 200 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was placed on the upper cut end of 5-cm-long, living or boiled branch sections of 17 clones of pine that had different resistance levels. Significantly more nematodes passed through boiled sections than living sections during 24 h. Living branches of the resistant P. densiflora clone group significantly suppressed the dispersal of B. xylophilus compared with those of the susceptible group, suggesting that the inhibition of nematode systemic dispersal was involved in the resistance mechanism of selected disease-resistant pine clones. However, there was no significant correlation between the resistance class and the mean number of nematodes passing through live branch sections within the resistant clone group. The reason for the lack of correlation is discussed in relation with the resistance mechanism.

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Nine-month persistence of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in living Abies sachalinensis and Picea jezoensis seedlings and nematode reproduction in stem sections

Nematology ◽

10.1163/156854111x612865 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 547-554 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hayami Kasuga ◽

Katsumi Togashi

Keyword(s):

Pinus Densiflora ◽

Pine Wilt Disease ◽

Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽

Wilt Disease ◽

Insect Vectors ◽

Abies Sachalinensis ◽

Picea Jezoensis ◽

Nematode Density ◽

Nematode Reproduction ◽

Pine Wilt

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus causes pine wilt disease in susceptible pine species. To determine whether B. xylophilus persists in forests containing Abies sachalinensis and Picea jezoensis, we performed inoculation experiments using ten or 15 seedlings of A. sachalinensis, P. jezoensis, Pinus densiflora and P. thunbergii. Inoculation of 15 000 B. xylophilus caused 20 and 7% mortality in A. sachalinensis and P. jezoensis seedlings, respectively, in the nursery, indicating low susceptibility of A. sachalinensis and a lack of susceptibility of P. jezoensis. By contrast, B. xylophilus caused 40 and 70% mortality in P. densiflora and P. thunbergii, respectively. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was recovered at extremely low densities from stems of externally asymptomatic seedlings of the first two tree species 9.5 months after inoculation. Inoculation of B. xylophilus on excised stem sections of A. sachalinensis and P. jezoensis seedlings showed a greater increase in population density in the bark than xylem after 3 weeks, whereas that on P. densiflora stem sections showed no difference in nematode density between the two tissues. The results suggest that B. xylophilus may persist in forests containing A. sachalinensis and P. jezoensis, when there are insect vectors with affinity for the nematode.

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Distance effect of co-occurring tree species on pine wilt disease incidence in Pinus densiflora seedlings inoculated with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Ecological Research ◽

10.1007/bf02529456 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 265-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katsunori Nakamura ◽

Katsumi Togashi ◽

Fumiki Takahashi

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Pinus Densiflora ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Distance Effect ◽

Pine Wilt Disease ◽

Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽

Wilt Disease ◽

Pine Wilt

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Between-isolate difference in dispersal ability of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and vulnerability to inhibition by Pinus densiflora

Nematology ◽

10.1163/156854103322683274 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 559-564 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Katsumi Togashi ◽

Koji Matsunaga

Keyword(s):

Pinus Densiflora ◽

Pine Wilt Disease ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽

Wilt Disease ◽

Dispersal Ability ◽

Pine Wilt ◽

Pine Species

Abstract Differences among four isolates of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and one of B. mucronatus in vulnerability to the inhibitory effect of Pinus densiflora on nematode dispersal were investigated by inoculating boiled and living branch sections 5 cm long. The intrinsic dispersal ability and vulnerability to the inhibitory effect of living branches differed among isolates. Additionally, the degree of branch inhibition of nematode dispersal was examined by inoculating the five isolates on 2.5 and 5.0 cm long, P. densiflora living branch sections. An increase in section length induced an 80% decrease in the number of nematodes of all isolates passing through the branch. The extent to which passing nematode number decreased as branch section length increased can be used to express susceptibility of pine species to pine wilt disease. Virulence had no relation to intrinsic and realised dispersal rates in B. xylophilus.

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Pyochelin isolated from Burkholderia arboris KRICT1 carried by pine wood nematodes exhibits phytotoxicity in pine callus

Nematology ◽

10.1163/138855410x528271 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 521-528 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Quang Le Dang ◽

Seung Wan Son ◽

Hyang-Mi Cheon ◽

Gyung Ja Choi ◽

Yong Ho Choi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Complex Disease ◽

Pinus Densiflora ◽

Fermentation Broth ◽

Pine Wilt Disease ◽

Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽

Wilt Disease ◽

Pine Wood Nematode ◽

Pine Wood ◽

Phytotoxic Activity ◽

Pine Wilt

Abstract Pine wilt disease is a very complex disease known to be caused by the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and its accompanying bacteria. The phytotoxin-producing bacteria have been reported to be involved in the development of pine wilt disease. In this study, we attempted to characterise phytotoxins produced by Burkholderia arboris KRICT1, which was carried by the pine wood nematode. It produced phytotoxic compounds in the pine seedling assay, and the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) layer of the fermentation broth of the strain displayed phytotoxic activity on the pine callus of Pinus densiflora. One active compound was isolated from the EtOAc layer by repeated Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative TLC. Using mainly mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the chemical structure was determined to be that of pyochelin (a mixture of two interconvertible diastereoisomers, pyochelin I and II). Pyochelin exposure reduced the viability of pine callus. Compared with phenylacetic acid, a phytotoxin produced by Bacillus spp. that was transmitted by B. xylophilus in Japan, pyochelin showed much stronger phytotoxicity. The results suggested that pyochelin might play a role in the wilting process of pine wilt disease.

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Effects of cavitation on the development of pine wilt disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.

Japanese Journal of Phytopathology ◽

10.3186/jjphytopath.54.606 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 54 (5) ◽

pp. 606-615 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Keiko KURODA ◽

Toshihiro YAMADA ◽

Kazuhiko MINEO ◽

Hirotada TAMURA

Keyword(s):

Pine Wilt Disease ◽

Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽

Wilt Disease ◽

Pine Wilt

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Pseudomonas associated with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, its insect vector and the host tree: A role in pine wilt disease?

Forest Pathology ◽

10.1111/efp.12564 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (6) ◽

pp. e12564

Author(s):

Marta Salgueiro Alves ◽

Anabela Pereira ◽

Cláudia Vicente ◽

Manuel Mota ◽

Isabel Henriques

Keyword(s):

Pine Wilt Disease ◽

Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽

Wilt Disease ◽

Host Tree ◽

Insect Vector ◽

Pine Wilt

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Volatile compounds in pine stands suffering from pine wilt disease: qualitative and quantitative evaluation

Nematology ◽

10.1163/156854106779799295 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 869-879 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Kazuyoshi Futai ◽

Natsumi Kanzaki ◽

Yuko Takeuchi

Keyword(s):

Volatile Compounds ◽

Pine Wilt Disease ◽

Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽

Wilt Disease ◽

Economic Damage ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Pine Wilt ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Quantitative Properties ◽

Pine Stands

AbstractPine wilt disease causes ecological and economic damage in Japanese pine forests in spite of intensive effort to protect them from the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Pine trees infected with B. xylophilus emit a characteristic bouquet of volatile compounds bioactive to the vector beetle of the nematode, Monochamus alternatus, and potentially affecting symptom development inside the trees. To investigate the qualitative and quantitative properties of volatile compounds in the field, we profiled the volatile emissions in two Japanese black pine stands, one naturally suffering from pine wilt disease and the other artificially inoculated with B. xylophilus. In both pine stands, the emission of some terpenoids from the infected trees such as (−)-α-pinene, began to increase in summer, overlapping the oviposition season of the vector beetle, but peaked in the summer and autumn. These data suggest that the beetles may not necessarily depend on the tremendous quantity of volatiles alone when they search for suitable trees on which to oviposit.

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