scholarly journals Lysine provisioning by horizontally acquired genes promotes mutual dependence between whitefly and two intracellular symbionts

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. e1010120
Author(s):  
Xi-Yu Bao ◽  
Jin-Yang Yan ◽  
Ya-Lin Yao ◽  
Yan-Bin Wang ◽  
Paul Visendi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Mutual Dependence ◽  
Knockout Mutants ◽  
First Time ◽  
Lysine Synthesis

Horizontal gene transfer is widespread in insects bearing intracellular symbionts. Horizontally transferred genes (HTGs) are presumably involved in amino acid synthesis in sternorrhynchan insects. However, their role in insect-symbiont interactions remains largely unknown. We found symbionts Portiera, Hamiltonella and Rickettsia possess most genes involved in lysine synthesis in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 although their genomes are reduced. Hamiltonella maintains a nearly complete lysine synthesis pathway. In contrast, Portiera and Rickettsia require the complementation of whitefly HTGs for lysine synthesis and have lysE, encoding a lysine exporter. Furthermore, each horizontally transferred lysine gene of ten B. tabaci cryptic species shares an evolutionary origin. We demonstrated that Hamiltonella did not alter the titers of Portiera and Rickettsia or lysine gene expression of Portiera, Rickettsia and whiteflies. Hamiltonella also did not impact on lysine levels or protein localization in bacteriocytes harboring Portiera and ovaries infected with Rickettsia. Complementation with whitefly lysine synthesis HTGs rescued E. coli lysine gene knockout mutants. Silencing whitefly lysA in whiteflies harboring Hamiltonella reduced lysine levels, adult fecundity and titers of Portiera and Rickettsia without influencing the expression of Hamiltonella lysA. Furthermore, silencing whitefly lysA in whiteflies lacking Hamiltonella reduced lysine levels, adult fecundity and titers of Portiera and Rickettsia in ovarioles. Therefore, we, for the first time, demonstrated an essential amino acid lysine synthesized through HTGs is important for whitefly reproduction and fitness of both obligate and facultative symbionts, and it illustrates the mutual dependence between whitefly and its two symbionts. Collectively, this study reveals that acquisition of horizontally transferred lysine genes contributes to coadaptation and coevolution between B. tabaci and its symbionts.

scholarly journals Amino acid synthesis loss in parasitoid wasps and other hymenopterans

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinhai Ye ◽  
Shijiao Xiong ◽  
Ziwen Teng ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
Jiale Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Gene Loss ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
The Common ◽  
Multiple Loss ◽  
Lysine Synthesis ◽  
Cotesia Chilonis

Insects utilize diverse food resources which can affect the evolution of their genomic repertoire, including leading to gene losses in different nutrient pathways. Here, we investigate gene loss in amino acid synthesis pathways, with special attention to hymenopterans and parasitoid wasps. Using comparative genomics, we find that synthesis capability for tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and histidine was lost in holometabolous insects prior to hymenopteran divergence, while valine, leucine, and isoleucine were lost in the common ancestor of Hymenoptera. Subsequently, multiple loss events of lysine synthesis occurred independently in the Parasitoida and Aculeata. Experiments in the parasitoid Cotesia chilonis confirm that it has lost the ability to synthesize eight amino acids. Our findings provide insights into amino acid synthesis evolution, and specifically can be used to inform the design of parasitoid artificial diets for pest control.

scholarly journals Maintenance of essential amino acid synthesis pathways in the Blattabacterium cuenoti symbiont of a wood-feeding cockroach

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 20121153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaku Tokuda ◽  
Liam D. H. Elbourne ◽  
Yukihiro Kinjo ◽  
Seikoh Saitoh ◽  
Zakee Sabree ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Gut Microbes ◽  
Intracellular Symbiont ◽  
Rotting Wood ◽  
Cryptocercus Punctulatus

In addition to harbouring intestinal symbionts, some animal species also possess intracellular symbiotic microbes. The relative contributions of gut-resident and intracellular symbionts to host metabolism, and how they coevolve are not well understood. Cockroaches and the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis present a unique opportunity to examine the evolution of spatially separated symbionts, as they harbour gut symbionts and the intracellular symbiont Blattabacterium cuenoti . The genomes of B. cuenoti from M. darwiniensis and the social wood-feeding cockroach Cryptocercus punctulatus are each missing most of the pathways for the synthesis of essential amino acids found in the genomes of relatives from non-wood-feeding hosts. Hypotheses to explain this pathway degradation include: (i) feeding on microbes present in rotting wood by ancestral hosts; (ii) the evolution of high-fidelity transfer of gut microbes via social behaviour. To test these hypotheses, we sequenced the B. cuenoti genome of a third wood-feeding species, the phylogenetically distant and non-social Panesthia angustipennis . We show that host wood-feeding does not necessarily lead to degradation of essential amino acid synthesis pathways in B. cuenoti , and argue that ancestral high-fidelity transfer of gut microbes best explains their loss in strains from M. darwiniensis and C. punctulatus .

scholarly journals Petasis vs. Strecker Amino Acid Synthesis: Convergence, Divergence and Opportunities in Organic Synthesis

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1707
Author(s):  
Wayiza Masamba
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis

α-Amino acids find widespread applications in various areas of life and physical sciences. Their syntheses are carried out by a multitude of protocols, of which Petasis and Strecker reactions have emerged as the most straightforward and most widely used. Both reactions are three-component reactions using the same starting materials, except the nucleophilic species. The differences and similarities between these two important reactions are highlighted in this review.

scholarly journals Enzymatic cascade systems for D-amino acid synthesis: progress and perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwen Fan ◽  
Jiarui Li ◽  
Yangqing Yu ◽  
Danping Zhang ◽  
Yao Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Cascade Systems

Reconstitution of amino acid synthesis by combining spinach chloroplasts with other leaf organelles

1979 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 1109-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Buchholz ◽  
Brigitte Reupke ◽  
Horst Bickel ◽  
Gernot Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Spinach Chloroplasts
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