Short-term depletion of microglia induces the enlargement of lesion volume and the attenuation of axonal growth after spinal cord injury

AbstractCervical and upper thoracic spinal cord injury causes impairments in respiratory muscle performance, leading to variable degrees of pulmonary dysfunction and rendering deep breathing difficult for affected individuals. In this retrospective study, we investigated the effects of self-directed respiratory muscle training in this context by assessing pulmonary function relative to spinal cord injury characteristics. A total of 104 spinal cord injury patients (tetraplegia/paraplegia; 65/39, acute/subacute/chronic; 14/42/48) were admitted for short-term (4–8 weeks) in-patient clinical rehabilitation. Initial evaluation revealed a compromised pulmonary function with a percentage of predicted value of 62.0 and 57.5 in forced vital capacity in supine and forced vital capacity in sitting positions, respectively. Tetraplegic patients had more compromised pulmonary function compared with paraplegic patients. At follow-up evaluation, the percentage of predicted value of forced vital capacity in supine and sitting position improved overall on average by 11.7% and 12.7%, respectively. The peak cough flow improved by 22.7%. All assessed pulmonary function parameters improved significantly in all subgroups, with the greatest improvements found in patients with tetraplegia and subacute spinal cord injury. Therefore, short-term self-directed respiratory muscle training should be incorporated into all spinal cord injury rehabilitation regimens, especially for patients with tetraplegia and subacute spinal cord injury, as well as those with chronic spinal cord injury.

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Leptin response to short-term fasting in sympathectomized men: role of the SNS

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00302.2002 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 284 (3) ◽

pp. E634-E640 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Justin Y. Jeon ◽

Vicki J. Harber ◽

Robert D. Steadward

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Spinal Cord ◽

Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Nervous System ◽

Short Term ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Before And After ◽

Sympathetic Nervous ◽

Plasma Leptin

We studied plasma leptin levels in six people with high-lesion spinal cord injury [SCI; body mass index (BMI) 25.9 ± 1.5 kg/m2, age 37 ± 3.0 yr] and six able-bodied (AB) controls (BMI 29.1 ± 1.9 kg/m2, age 35 ± 3.5 yr) before and after 12, 24, and 36 h of fasting. The plasma leptin levels significantly decreased during 36 h fasting by 48.8 ± 4.5% (pre: 11.3 ± 2.3, post: 6.2 ± 1.5 ng/ml) and 38.6 ± 7.9% (pre: 7.6 ± 5.0, post: 4.2 ± 1.0 ng/ml) in SCI and AB, respectively. Plasma leptin started to decrease at 24 h of fasting in the SCI group, whereas plasma leptin started to decrease at 12 h of fasting in the AB group. The current study demonstrated that plasma leptin decreased with fasting in both SCI and AB groups, with the leptin decrease being delayed in the SCI group. The delayed leptin response to fasting in the SCI group may be because of increased fat mass (%body fat, SCI: 33.8 ± 3.0, AB: 24.1 ± 2.9) and sympathetic nervous system dysfunction.

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Monitoring of Short-Term Erythropoietin Therapy in Rats with Acute Spinal Cord Injury Using Manganese-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Journal of Neuroimaging ◽

10.1111/jon.12202 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 582-589 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Martin Thomas Freitag ◽

Gábor Márton ◽

Krisztián Pajer ◽

Jens Hartmann ◽

Nadja Walder ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Spinal Cord ◽

Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Acute Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Short Term ◽

Cord Injury

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Magnetic resonance imaging versus histological assessment for estimation of lesion volume after experimental spinal cord injury

Journal of Neurosurgery Spine ◽

10.3171/spi/2008/9/9/301 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 301-306 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

David S. Ditor ◽

Sunil John ◽

Jason Cakiroglu ◽

Colin Kittmer ◽

Paula J. Foster ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Mr Imaging ◽

Mean Difference ◽

Lesion Volume ◽

Perfect Agreement ◽

Experimental Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Cord Injury ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference

Object The purpose of this study was to compare measures of lesion volume obtained by means of 1.5-T MR imaging to those obtained by the Cavalieri method, 6 weeks after experimental spinal cord injury. Methods Nine male Wistar rats were subjected to spinal cord injury by clip compression (50 g) at the T-4 level. Six weeks postinjury, the rats were sacrificed, and spinal cords were analyzed ex vivo for lesion volume by means of 1.5-T MR imaging and subsequently, by the Cavalieri method. In the latter method, cords were cut longitudinally in 25-μm sections and stained with solochrome cyanin for myelin. The area of the lesion was determined for each serial section, and the distance-weighted sum of all area measures was then calculated to estimate the total lesion volume. Results Bland–Altman analysis showed that the 2 methods had an acceptable level of agreement for lesion volume estimation, but the Cavalieri method was prone to an overestimation bias. The MR imaging estimates of lesion volume were greater than the Cavalieri method estimates in 3 spinal cords, but the difference between measures was within 1 standard deviation of perfect agreement in these 3 lesions, and the mean difference between measures was 18.3%. In contrast, in those lesions in which the Cavalieri method yielded larger lesion volumes (5 lesions), the difference between measures was 2 standard deviations away from perfect agreement for 2 animals and the mean difference between measures was 72.4%. Conclusions The results illustrate that the overestimation bias of the Cavalieri method is due, in part, to artifacts produced during processing of the spinal cord tissue.

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