The impact of using GM insect resistant maize in Europe since 1998

Transgenic CrylAc and CpTI insect-resistant cotton SGK321 has been widely adopted for many years in several regions of China, however the understanding of its potential effects on soil microorganisms is limited. The impact of transgenic cotton SGK321 on microorganism populations in rhizosphere soil was investigated. The numbers of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were measured by counting colony-forming units after incubation on appropriate medium in a two-year field study in the northern China. Rhizosphere soil microorganism populations between transgenic cotton SGK321 and its non-transgenic parental cotton or conventional cotton were different at some plant growth stages and/or in some years. However compared to the plant growth stage and cotton cultivar, the impacts of the transgenic trait were slight or transient. The principal component analysis also showed no significant or minor difference in the numbers of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes in rhizosphere soil between transgenic cotton SGK321 and its non-transgenic parental cotton. These results suggest that the transgenic cotton SGK321 has no apparent impact on microorganism populations in rhizosphere soil.

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Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and IAC-24 Soybean Cultivar Are Compatible

Sustainable Agriculture Research ◽

10.5539/sar.v1n2p41 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 41 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Teresinha Vinha Zanuncio ◽

Fernando Azevedo de Freitas ◽

Wagner de Souza Tavares ◽

Claubert Wagner Guimarães de Menezes ◽

José Eduardo Serrão ◽

...

Keyword(s):

The Body ◽

Soybean Cultivar ◽

Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽

Nymphal Stage ◽

Female Longevity ◽

Males And Females ◽

Heteroptera Pentatomidae ◽

The Impact ◽

Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽

Insect Resistant

The main tactics of soybean integrated pest management combine plant resistance and biological control. The impact of insect resistant IAC-24 soybean cultivar [caterpillars of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in UFVS-2006 soybean cultivar susceptible to insects and water compared to A. gemmatalis in IAC-24 soybean cultivar resistant to insects and water] on the nymphal and adult stages of the predator Podisus nigrispinus Dallas (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) was evaluated. The duration and survival of the instars and nymphal stage and the body mass of nymphs, males and females of this predator were similar between treatments. The periods of pre-oviposition, oviposition, post-oviposition and egg incubation; interval between egg clutch; number of egg clutch per female, eggs per egg clutch, eggs per female, nymphs per female, nymphs per egg clutch and percentage of nymph eclosion and male and female longevity were also similar between treatments. The use of insect resistant IAC-24 soybean cultivar on P. nigrispinus was found to be safe because that legume did not have any deleterious effects on the referred predator.

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Diversity of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) under three different control strategies against European corn borer in maize

Plant Protection Science ◽

10.17221/78/2012-pps ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 49 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 146-153 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

F. Kocourek ◽

P. Saska ◽

M. Řezáč

Keyword(s):

European Corn Borer ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Carabid Beetles ◽

Bt Maize ◽

Corn Borer ◽

Focal Treatment ◽

Cropping Seasons ◽

The Impact ◽

Insect Resistant ◽

Mon 810

We compared three control strategies against European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner) in maize with respect to carabid beetles, beneficial epigeal arthropods. The impact of the focal treatment (insect resistant Bt maize MON 810) was compared with conventionally farmed and Trichogramma-treated plots at two sites (Prague-Ruzyně and Ivanovice na Hané) in the Czech Republic, replicated in three cropping seasons (2002–2004). The sampled assemblages were species-poor. The species were unevenly distributed in terms of their catch size – the communities were dominated by 7 (Ruzyně) or 3 (Ivanovice) species. No differences were found in species richness or species composition between treatments, seasons or sites, suggesting no effect of planting transgenic insect resistant Bt maize MON 810 on the assemblages of carabid beetles in the study fields.  

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Formation of Lunar Craters and Bright Rays as a Result of Meteorite Impacts

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900178404 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 415-418

Author(s):

K. P. Stanyukovich ◽

V. A. Bronshten

Keyword(s):

Explosive Charge ◽

The Moon ◽

Meteorite Impacts ◽

The Earth ◽

Lunar Craters ◽

The Impact

The phenomena accompanying the impact of large meteorites on the surface of the Moon or of the Earth can be examined on the basis of the theory of explosive phenomena if we assume that, instead of an exploding meteorite moving inside the rock, we have an explosive charge (equivalent in energy), situated at a certain distance under the surface.

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The Geosciences Applied to Lunar Exploration

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900178222 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 169-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J. Green

Keyword(s):

Lunar Surface ◽

Probable Mechanism ◽

Point Of View ◽

Lunar Exploration ◽

Geological Model ◽

Apply Geophysics ◽

Surface Features ◽

The Impact

The term geo-sciences has been used here to include the disciplines geology, geophysics and geochemistry. However, in order to apply geophysics and geochemistry effectively one must begin with a geological model. Therefore, the science of geology should be used as the basis for lunar exploration. From an astronomical point of view, a lunar terrain heavily impacted with meteors appears the more reasonable; although from a geological standpoint, volcanism seems the more probable mechanism. A surface liberally marked with volcanic features has been advocated by such geologists as Bülow, Dana, Suess, von Wolff, Shaler, Spurr, and Kuno. In this paper, both the impact and volcanic hypotheses are considered in the application of the geo-sciences to manned lunar exploration. However, more emphasis is placed on the volcanic, or more correctly the defluidization, hypothesis to account for lunar surface features.

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Asteroid and Comet Impact Speeds upon Mars: Significance for Panspermia and the Supply of Organics

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100014718 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 161 ◽

pp. 197-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Duncan Steel

Keyword(s):

Probability Distributions ◽

Regions Of Interest ◽

Significant Fraction ◽

Organic Chemicals ◽

Impact Speed ◽

The Mean ◽

The Impact

AbstractWhilst lithopanspermia depends upon massive impacts occurring at a speed above some limit, the intact delivery of organic chemicals or other volatiles to a planet requires the impact speed to be below some other limit such that a significant fraction of that material escapes destruction. Thus the two opposite ends of the impact speed distributions are the regions of interest in the bioastronomical context, whereas much modelling work on impacts delivers, or makes use of, only the mean speed. Here the probability distributions of impact speeds upon Mars are calculated for (i) the orbital distribution of known asteroids; and (ii) the expected distribution of near-parabolic cometary orbits. It is found that cometary impacts are far more likely to eject rocks from Mars (over 99 percent of the cometary impacts are at speeds above 20 km/sec, but at most 5 percent of the asteroidal impacts); paradoxically, the objects impacting at speeds low enough to make organic/volatile survival possible (the asteroids) are those which are depleted in such species.

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Organic Syntheses During the Impact of a Comet with a Gaseous Planet

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100014706 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 161 ◽

pp. 189-195

Author(s):

Cesare Guaita ◽

Roberto Crippa ◽

Federico Manzini

Keyword(s):

Polymeric Material ◽

Molecular Form ◽

Parent Compound ◽

Blue Filter ◽

Organic Syntheses ◽

The Impact

AbstractA large amount of CO has been detected above many SL9/Jupiter impacts. This gas was never detected before the collision. So, in our opinion, CO was released from a parent compound during the collision. We identify this compound as POM (polyoxymethylene), a formaldehyde (HCHO) polymer that, when suddenly heated, reformes monomeric HCHO. At temperatures higher than 1200°K HCHO cannot exist in molecular form and the most probable result of its decomposition is the formation of CO. At lower temperatures, HCHO can react with NH3 and/or HCN to form high UV-absorbing polymeric material. In our opinion, this kind of material has also to be taken in to account to explain the complex evolution of some SL9 impacts that we observed in CCD images taken with a blue filter.

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Hydrogen Cyanide Polymers from the Impact of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s025292110001469x ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 161 ◽

pp. 179-187

Author(s):

Clifford N. Matthews ◽

Rose A. Pesce-Rodriguez ◽

Shirley A. Liebman

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Solar System ◽

Hydrogen Cyanide ◽

Nitrogen Heterocycles ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Heterogeneous Solids ◽

The Many ◽

Comet Halley ◽

The Impact ◽

By Products

AbstractHydrogen cyanide polymers – heterogeneous solids ranging in color from yellow to orange to brown to black – may be among the organic macromolecules most readily formed within the Solar System. The non-volatile black crust of comet Halley, for example, as well as the extensive orangebrown streaks in the atmosphere of Jupiter, might consist largely of such polymers synthesized from HCN formed by photolysis of methane and ammonia, the color observed depending on the concentration of HCN involved. Laboratory studies of these ubiquitous compounds point to the presence of polyamidine structures synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide. These would be converted by water to polypeptides which can be further hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. Black polymers and multimers with conjugated ladder structures derived from HCN could also be formed and might well be the source of the many nitrogen heterocycles, adenine included, observed after pyrolysis. The dark brown color arising from the impacts of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter might therefore be mainly caused by the presence of HCN polymers, whether originally present, deposited by the impactor or synthesized directly from HCN. Spectroscopic detection of these predicted macromolecules and their hydrolytic and pyrolytic by-products would strengthen significantly the hypothesis that cyanide polymerization is a preferred pathway for prebiotic and extraterrestrial chemistry.

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Unusual Microstructure in Shock-Compacted Graphite

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100069363 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 474-475

Author(s):

Lucien F. Trueb

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Characteristic ◽

Compression Wave ◽

Gray Zone ◽

Flyer Plate ◽

Compacted Graphite ◽

The Impact

Crushed and statically compressed Madagascar graphite that was explosively shocked at 425 kb by means of a planar flyer-plate is characterized by a black zone extending for 2 to 3 nun below the impact plane of the driver. Beyond this point, the material assumes the normal gray color of graphite. The thickness of the black zone is identical with the distance taken by the relaxation wave to overtake the compression wave.The main mechanical characteristic of the black material is its great hardness; steel scalpels and razor blades are readily blunted during attempts to cut it. An average microhardness value of 95-3 DPHN was obtained with a 10 kg load. This figure is a minimum because the indentations were usually cracked; 14.8 DPHN was measured in the gray zone.

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