5. An Effective Deterrent or Smoke and Mirrors?

2020 ◽  
pp. 144-165
Keyword(s):  
Effective Deterrent

scholarly journals Short- and long-term movement patterns of six temperate reef fishes (Families Labridae and Monacanthidae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 853 ◽  
Author(s):  
NS Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Temperate Reef ◽  
Effective Deterrent ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Natural Boundaries

Movement patterns were studied on a 1-ha isolated reef surrounding Arch Rock in southern Tasmania. Short-term movements were identified from diver observations, and interpretation of long-term movements involved multiple recaptures of tagged individuals. Visual observations indicated that the sex-changing labrids Notolabrus tetricus, Pictilabrus laticlavius and Pseudolabrus psittaculus were all site-attached, with females having overlapping home ranges and males being territorial. In the non-sex-changing labrid Notolabrus fucicola and in the monacanthids Penicipelta vittiger and Meuschenia australis, there was no evidence of territorial behaviour and 1-h movements were in excess of the scale of the study. The long-term results indicated that all species were permanent reef residents, with most individuals of all species except M. australis always being recaptured within a home range of 100 m × 25 m or less. Only 15% of individuals of M. australis were always recaptured within this range category. The natural habitat boundary of open sand between the Arch Rock reef and adjacent reefs appeared to be an effective deterrent to emigration. The use of natural boundaries should be an important consideration in the design of marine reserves where the aim is to minimize the loss of protected species to adjacent fished areas.

scholarly journals Preventing crop raiding by the Vulnerable common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius in Guinea-Bissau

Oryx ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis M. González ◽  
Francisco G. D. Montoto ◽  
Tome Mereck ◽  
Junior Alves ◽  
José Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
Guinea Bissau ◽  
Hippopotamus Amphibius ◽  
Electric Fencing ◽  
Effective Deterrent ◽  
The Common

AbstractGuinea-Bissau is host to the westernmost subpopulation of the common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, which is one of only two known populations inhabiting coastal waters. The presence of hippopotamuses causes conflict with rice farmers as a result of crop damage and the absence of effective measures to protect crops. To develop an effective method for protecting rice fields, we studied the patterns of access to flooded and rain-fed rice fields by hippopotamuses and assessed the effect of the installation of electric fences. Hippopotamuses were detected in 54% of the flooded fields (n = 100) and in 31.9% of the rain-fed fields (n = 91). They were detected more frequently in fields on offshore islands than on the mainland, in unfenced than in fenced fields, and in fields closer to running water. Hippopotamuses entered fenced flooded fields less frequently than unfenced, and were detected most frequently at the end of the rainy season and the start of the dry season, and in the period of vegetative stem growth. Electric fences were an effective deterrent and facilitated increased rice production. The maintenance and cost of the electric fencing were acceptable to farmers, and therefore the use of such fencing is recommended to resolve the conflict between hippopotamuses and farmers in Guinea-Bissau and in other areas with similar conditions.

Gender-Based Violence and Legal Frameworks

2020 ◽  
pp. 365-377
Author(s):  
Maria Louis
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Marital Rape ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Effective Deterrent ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Legal Frameworks

Gender-based violence (GBV) has grown into a pandemic. It has spread its tentacles so far and wide that no country or community in the 21st century is immune from it. There are, of course, laws to prevent GBV and punish the perpetrators of GBV. But, the laws, in general, pathetically fail to yield the desired result and fail to play the role of an effective deterrent as lawmakers themselves, most often, become lawbreakers. It is well known that patriarchy has a vested interest in gender inequality, which is the root cause of GBV. The dominant gender, male, uses violence against all other genders, including female and third gender, as a lethal weapon to prove their muscle-power, pseudo-superiority, and enjoy what is not morally and ethically and legally right. GBV is undoubtedly a human right violation. However, in the land of nonviolence, India, marital rape, among others, is still legal. Things are slowly changing, and it gives hope.

Individuals and Society

Threats ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 47-120
Author(s):  
David P. Barash
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Effective Deterrent ◽  
Capital Crimes ◽  
Gun Culture ◽  
National Populism

This chapter examines threats and responses to threats as they play themselves out in human interactions. One of the significant topics here is crime and punishment—notably, how criminal statutes seek to prevent crime by threatening criminals with punishment sufficient to provide an effective deterrent. There is a long and fascinating history of such efforts, with very little success. This leads to a look at the death penalty in particular and whether it has been effective in preventing capital crimes. The chapter also assesses how people turn to religion when under threat, as well as how religions have often threatened their adherents with after-death retribution for sin, which has long influenced much human anxiety and, in some cases, compliance. Moreover, the chapter reflects on the menace of death plus threats involved in the American gun culture, and race-based and economic anxieties driving the rise of right-wing national populism.

Is cattle grazing an effective deterrent against sika deer (Cervus nippon) intrusion into pastures?

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideharu Tsukada ◽  
Michiru Fukasawa ◽  
Takami Kosako
Keyword(s):  
Sika Deer ◽  
Cervus Nippon ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Effective Deterrent

scholarly journals War and military spending in developing countries and their consequences for development

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Collier
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Military Spending ◽  
Military Expenditure ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Effective Deterrent ◽  
Policy Challenge

That military expenditure and conflict have adverse consequences for development is unsurprising but important. The policy challenge is to reduce them. I have suggested that substantial components of military expenditure could be reduced without jeopardizing security interests. Military expenditure does not appear to be an effective deterrent of rebellion, and, if it is reduced in a coordinated manner across a region then external security interests would be unaffected. The resources released by reduced military expenditure could be used to increase growth rates, and this in turn would gradually but effectively reduce the risk of internal conflict. Development, not military deterrence, is the best strategy for a safer society.

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