The Gujun Site of the Eastern Zhou Period in Xingtang County, Hebei

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-51
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Warring States Period ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Warring States ◽  
Water Wells ◽  
Spring And Autumn Period ◽  
Eastern Zhou ◽  
Cultural Connotations ◽  
The City

Abstract In the years 2015 through 2017, archaeological excavations were conducted to the Gujun Site in Xingtang County, which recovered burials, chariot-and-horse pits and sacrificial pits, house foundations, water wells, ash pits, kilns, ash ditches and other features, from which artifacts made of gold, bronze, jade, stone, bone, horn and antler, shell and cowry, pottery, etc. were unearthed. The date of this site was from the late Spring-and-Autumn Period to the mid and late Warring-States Period, in which the city site, burials and residential areas were existing together; their dates, locations and cultural connotations are all closely related to the Xianyu tribe and Zhongshan State, especially the chariot-and-horse and animal victim pits with unique form were the first archaeologically discovered remains of this type. The discovery of the Gujun Site reflected the convergence and evolutions of the cultures of the ethnic groups in the Northern Frontier Zone and the Huaxia System, and provided important materials for the researches on the processes of the Sinicization of the northern ethnic groups such as Rong and Di and the configuration of the Chinese nation as a pluralistic integration.

Iron Technology and Its Regional Development during the Eastern Zhou Period

2020 ◽  
pp. 594-614
Author(s):  
Wengcheong Lam
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Warring States Period ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Ancient China ◽  
Iron Industry ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
Warring States ◽  
Spring And Autumn Period ◽  
Iron Technology ◽  
Eastern Zhou

The appearance of the cast iron industry was one of the most technological innovations in ancient China. Nonetheless, how iron technology shaped the historical development during this critical period has not yet been fully investigated. This chapter first reviews evidence dating to the Spring and Autumn period regarding the appearance of bloomery iron and cast iron industry. Archaeological evidence suggests a simultaneous development of cast iron in multiple states during the first half of the first millennium BCE. Regional variations between these two centers were also present. The chapter further explores regional variations in the development of the iron industries during the Warring States period on the basis of frequencies and types of iron objects from burial data in the Jin, Qin, and Chu regions. The regional comparison suggests that the total amount of iron objects in the Qin state was much less than the assemblage in the three Jin states; the latter should belong to the manufacturing core given the frequencies and types of iron objects in tombs. Moreover, the local iron industry of the Chu state distinctively focused on the manufacture of weapons compared to former two states. In sum, the regional variations in iron industry should be the foundation for further addressing the social significance of iron technology in ancient China. In addition, the iron industry in the Qin state during the Warring States period should be more carefully scrutinized in the future because it might have been operated on a relatively smaller scale than presently understood.

Project Report on the "Investigation of the Present Situation and Development of Ethnic Minorities in China"

2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-9
Author(s):  
Hao Shiyuan
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Warring States Period ◽  
Warring States ◽  
The Social ◽  
Spring And Autumn Period ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shi Ji

When viewed from the perspective of history, China has not had a flourishing anthropology and ethnology. However, China's traditions of ethnographic-like perspectives have flourished for a long time. Since the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) and Warring States Period (475-221 BC), multiethnic structure and social relations have been recorded in China's history. Ever since Sima Qian's Shi Ji (the Historical Records), the first general history of China compiled around 100 BC, the social history and cultural customs of ethnic minorities had been covered in each dynasty's history. Moreover, some special chapters had been dedicated to keeping the records of ethnic minorities. Of course such records were not completely unbiased.

The pattern of archaeological cultures in northern China during the Eastern Zhou Period to the Qin Dynasty – also on the interactions among the Rong, Di and Hu ethnic groups and the Central Plains

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-188
Author(s):  
Yueying Shan
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
The North ◽  
Spring And Autumn Period ◽  
Eastern Zhou ◽  
Archaeological Cultures ◽  
Cultural Features

Abstract Through the systematic trimming and analysis to the remains of the archaeological cultures of the Eastern Zhou Period through the Qin Dynasty in northern China, this paper puts forward that during this period, there were two cultural zones (the north and south cultural “belts”) with clearly different cultural features and connotations and peoples bearing clearly different physical characteristics in northern China, and discussed the regional differences of the remains of the archaeological cultures in each cultural belt and their developments and changes. The cultures in the south cultural belt could not be regarded as a part of the early Iron Age cultures in the Eurasian Steppes, but a kind of culture peculiar to the transitional zone between the cultures in the Eurasian Steppes and that in the Central Plains; the development and evolution of the north cultural belt, which emerged in the mid to the late Spring-and-Autumn Period, can be divided into three clear phases: the first phase was a part of the early Iron Age cultures in the Eurasian Steppes, but since the second phase, the cultural features and connotations of this belt began to stray out of the cultures in the Eurasian Steppes, which would be closely related to the military conquering and political management of the Central Plains polities and the powerful northward advance of the cultures of the Central Plains. Referring to the relevant historic literature, this paper made further observations to the interactions among the polities of the Central Plains and the peoples in these two cultural belts and the changes of the cultural patterns in each of the two cultural belts, and revealed the processes of the Sinicization of the Rong, Di and Hu ethnic groups in northern China. This paper pointed out that the Hu ethnic group lived in northern China since the mid Spring-and-Autumn Period, and the later appearance of the Hu people in the historic literatures was related to the northward advances of the territories of polities of the Central Plains rather than the southward invasion of the nomadic tribes living in the present-day Mongolian Plateau.

Changes in the Concept of “Jian” in the Pre-Qin Period: From Political Norm to Means of Acquiring Wealth

Cultura ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-182
Author(s):  
Xiao TAN
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Abstract Concept ◽  
Warring States Period ◽  
Political Structure ◽  
Autumn Period ◽  
Warring States ◽  
The Social ◽  
Conceptual Changes ◽  
Spring And Autumn Period ◽  
Territorial States

The conceptual changes of Jian in the pre-Qin period were the results of changes in the social and political structure. It originally referred to Jian virtue, which was a kind of political norm of clan states. This required the aristocrats to be moderate in accordance with the patriarchal hierarchy and generously share their wealth with their own clansmen. The opposite of Jian virtue is Tan ( greed) and Chi ( extravagance). In the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, many states formed their politics based on ministerial families. The aristocrats glorified greed and extravagance as Fu ( riches), and stigmatized Jian virtue as Pin ( poverty). After the collapse of the clan-based state order, the states in the Warring States Period gradually developed into territorial states, and the institutional political norm became a new, abstract concept, indicated by the compound Jian Yue ( economy) and was used to describe the consumption attitudes of individuals and families. Meanwhile, with the increase of social mobility, the pursuit of riches was highly popular in the ideological world. The new expression of “means-ends” advocated by Legalists, which stipulated that individuals and families acquire wealth through Jian Yue (economy), took shape and endures to this day.

scholarly journals My View on Confucius’ Musical Aesthetics

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Xiong Wen
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Musical Aesthetics ◽  
Warring States Period ◽  
Warring States ◽  
Musical Concepts ◽  
Music Aesthetics ◽  
Spring And Autumn Period ◽  
Aesthetic Consciousness ◽  
The Aesthetic

During the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period, the ideology environment was severe. Hundreds of scholars competed and argued, and they all used their own musical concepts and aesthetic consciousness to influence social life. Confucius was one of them. As we all know, Confucius was the great pre-Qin period thinker, politician, and educator of etiquette and music. His achievements in music aesthetics are different from other schools of “contend of a hundred schools of thought”. Confucius’s aesthetic thoughts are actually the aesthetic thoughts he formed in the practice of ritual and music education. This article discusses his musical spirit, the aesthetic propositions of “benevolence”, “perfect perfection”, “neutrality”, and music education.

INVESTIGATION OF CHINESE STRATEGIES DURING THE PANDEMICS THROUGH THE LENSES OF MOZI AND GALTUNG

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-23
Author(s):  
SONG YANHUA ◽  
SHEN XINGCHEN ◽  
WANG YINGXUE
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Peace Studies ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Warring States Period ◽  
Warring States ◽  
The Core ◽  
Universal Love ◽  
The World ◽  
Spring And Autumn Period ◽  
Taking Care

The concept of war is the core of military thought. Johan Galtung established the theoretical paradigm of Peace Studies and was known as the "father of Peace Studies". Mozi was a strategist and thinker with a unique pioneering spirit during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. His idea of "universal love and non-aggression" is a model of ancient Chinese pacifism. Although they lived in different times, both of their views on war have had a significant influence on the world. Their views also share many commonalities. They both believe that the root of war is the struggle and dislike of people. They both oppose war and advocate taking care of people. However, due to being from different times, there are huge differences in their views in regards to being anti-war, the level of taking care of the population, and the means of defense. The purpose of this comparative study is to promote the innovative development of China's traditional culture. It also provides useful inspiration for China's peaceful construction during the current pandemic. Keywords: Galtung, Mozi, viewpoints of war, peace, epidemic situation

On the Kele Culture

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Han Dynasty ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Warring States Period ◽  
Warring States ◽  
Western Han Dynasty ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
Cultural Connotations ◽  
Distinct Features

AbstractThe local-styled tombs of the Warring-States Period to the Western Han Dynasty recovered at Kele Site in Hezhang County, Guizhou Province had rich cultural connotations and distinct features, the “head encasing” burial custom of which was especially unique. These tombs showed sharp differences to the Han-styled tombs in the same cemetery and other regional cultural remains in peripheral areas and represented a new archaeological culture in the Xinan Yi (Southwest Barbarians) Region of the Warring-States to the Qin-Han Periods, which could be named as “Kele Culture”. The putting forward of the concept of “Kele Culture” and the research on it had great academic significance; they will positively influence the archaeological researches on the Xinan Yi Region of the Warring-States to the Qin-Han Periods and lay firm foundation for the in-depth archaeological exploration of Yelang Culture.

The excavation of the Dadianshan Cemetery in Changning, Yunan

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-151
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Han Dynasty ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Warring States Period ◽  
Warring States ◽  
Western Han Dynasty ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Grave Goods

AbstractIn 2012, 198 burials were excavated in the Dadianshan Cemetery site in Changning County, Yunnan. The striking differences in burial structure and grave goods of these burials suggest that the cemetery was used by two different ethnic groups. The structure of the burials can be classified into earthen cave burials, earthen pit burials and urn burials. The first type has never been seen in the Bronze Age archaeology of Yunnan. They yielded rich assemblage of grave goods predominantly comprising bronze artifacts, the main types of which were sabers, spearheads, bracelets, yue-battle axes, swords, buckles, etc. They were likely associated with the ancient Ailao people of the late Spring-and-Autumn to late Warring-States Periods. The second burial type was prevalent in Bronze Age Yunnan. These burials yielded small number of or no grave goods. In addition to bronze, the grave goods assemblage also comprised of iron, bimetallic, stone and pottery artifacts. They were likely associated with the Di and Qiang people during the mid Warring-States Period to the late Western Han Dynasty.

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