scholarly journals Review of Lepidoptera with trophic relationships to Picea abies (L.) in the conditions of Czechia

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-194
Author(s):  
Roman Modlinger ◽  
Jan Liška

Abstract Trophic relationships of Lepidoptera (Insecta) occurring in the territory of Czechia to the Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) was evaluated on the basis of the excerption and critical evaluation of literature. Each species was classified into the following categories – spruce as the host plant, regular development on spruce, narrow trophic relationship, indirect relationship and episodical occurrence. The particular taxa were also characterized according to their distribution and the form of larval life was specified. The development on spruce was documented in 96 species of Lepidoptera, which represented less than 3% of taxa belonging to this group and being reported from Czechia. Of that, spruce was a common host plant for 67 species, 23 species were polyphagous and might develop on spruce, and 6 species belonged to soil species damaging spruce roots, mainly in forest nurseries. Among the species of Lepidoptera, which regularly develop on spruce in the Czech conditions, 55 species were classified. As narrow specialists with special trophic relationship to spruce, 33 taxa could be considered. There were 15 spruce species with forestry importance, which were able to outbreak their populations regularly or irregularly. Among spruce species it was possible to classify 16 taxa as rare. The provided information on Lepidoptera with trophic relationship to spruce is applicable also for other Central European areas. Besides the species with importance for forest pest management, also rare taxa, which can become endangered by climate change or by forest management, were indicated.

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Miller ◽  
G. Gries ◽  
J.H. Borden

AbstractE-Myrcenol reduced catches of the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), to ipsdienol-baited, multiple-funnel traps in a dose-dependent fashion. The sex ratio was unaffected by E-myrcenol treatments. Lures containing E-myrcenol in ethanol solution failed to protect freshly cut logs of lodgepole pine from attack by I. pini. Rather, I. pini preferentially attacked logs treated with devices releasing E-myrcenol and ethanol, over nontreated, control logs. Our results demonstrate that E-myrcenol is a new pheromone for I. pini, and emphasize the importance of understanding basic pheromone biology before utilisation of a semiochemical in forest pest management.


1991 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 486-492
Author(s):  
Frank N. Dost

Prediction of potential harm, or risk assessment, is essential to planning for any vegetation management method, but the concepts and process are often not understood. This discussion is a highly simplistic description of the basic elements of toxicology and estimation of risk in excess of the high normal background. All chemical risk is directly related to the dose acquired by the subject or population. In the case of cancer, added human risk that may be associated with very low doses is expressed as a probability that is estimated by extrapolation from observations at high dose rates. Reasons for such an indirect approach and weaknesses of the present process are described.


2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inger Sundheim Fløistad ◽  
A Granhus

Short-day (SD) treatment is used by forest nurseries to induce growth cessation in Picea abies seedlings. SD treatment may however increase the risk of reflushing in autumn and earlier bud break the following spring. We tested how different starting dates and durations of SD treatment influenced on morphological and phenological traits. Regardless of timing and duration of the SD treatment, height growth was reduced compared to the untreated controls. Seedlings given split SD (7+7 days interrupted with two weeks in long days) had less height growth than all other treatments. Root collar diameter growth was significantly less in control seedlings than in seedlings exposed to early (7 or 14 days) or split (7+7 days) SD treatment. There were also differences in the frequency of reflushing and bud break timing among the SD treated seedlings, dependent on duration and starting date. If the SD treatment started early, a continuous 14-day SD treatment was not sufficient to avoid high frequencies of reflushing. However, by splitting the SD treatment into two periods of 7+7 days these negative effects were largely avoided, although spring bud break occurred earlier than in the controls.


Author(s):  
А.С. Дурова ◽  
А.В. Жигунов

Улучшение агрохимических, физико-химических и биологических показателей почвы в результате внесения биоугля в качестве мелиоранта доказано множеством исследований. Наиболее эффективным при выращивании сельскохозяйственных культур оказалось применение мелиоранта в дозах от 1 до 30 т/га биоугля. Однако вопрос о влияния биоугля на рост сеянцев хвойных пород в посевных отделениях лесных питомников в научной литературе затронут не был. Целью исследования была оценка влияния различных доз биоугля на агрохимические параметры почв лесных питомников различного гранулометрического состава и на рост сеянцев ели обыкновенной Picea abies (L.). Фракции биоугля мелкого помола (диаметр частиц менее 5 мм) вносились в метровые отрезки пяти строчных посевных лент в дозах 5 и 25 т/га. В контрольных вариантах опыта биоуголь не вносился. Для посева использовали сухие семена хвойных пород, подготовленные к посеву по стандартным методикам. Проведение агротехнических приемов по выращиванию сеянцев проводилось по стандартным технологическим картам. Эксперимент проводился в пятикратной повторности. Изучался рост и развитие сеянцев ели европейской в течение трех вегетационных сезонов, а также показатели плодородия почв в посевных отделениях лесных питомников. На опытных делянках в конце каждого вегетационного сезона определялась высота сеянца и диаметр корневой шейки. Для определения массы было отобрано 30 модельных сеянцев. Масса определялась после высушивания до постоянного веса при температуре 80 С. Оценку параметров почвенного плодородия проводили по показателям содержания углерода органического вещества, кислотности, а также определялось содержание доступных форм азота, фосфора и калия. Выполнение агрохимических анализов производилось по стандартным методикам. Отбор проб почвы производился методом конверта в соответствии с ГОСТ 174.3.01–83. Для оценки достоверности влияния применяемых доз биоугля на рост сеянцев использовался однофакторный дисперсионный анализ. Внесение биоугля в почву посевного отделения питомников в дозе 5 и 25 т/га повлияло на изменение агрохимических показателей как песчаной, так и супесчаной почвы. В более плодородной супесчаной почве биоуголь положительно воздействовал на агрохимические показатели, что привело к улучшению показателей роста ели в первый вегетационный период. Однако воздействие биоугля на агрохимические показатели супесчаной почвы с течением времени постепенно снижалось. При внесении биоугля в дозе 5 т/га быстро срабатывается углерод, снижается содержание азота, что приводит к нивелированию показателей роста сеянцев по высоте уже после второго вегетационного сезона. Однако увеличение диаметра корневой шейки и массы сеянца достоверно по отношению к контролю при внесении и 5, и 25 т/га биоугля после трех лет выращивания. На песчаной почве эффект воздействия биоугля на почву более растянут во времени. К концу 3-го года положительные изменения агрохимических параметров почвы все еще продолжаются при внесении и 5, и 25 т/га биоугля. Однако вследствие более низких агрохимических показателей песчаной почвы рост сеянцев в этих условиях остается низким, и сеянцы за три года выращивания не достигают стандартных параметров даже при внесении мелиоранта. Improvement of agrochemical, physical, chemical and biological properties of soil as a result of biochar application as an ameliorant has been proved in numerous studies. Application of ameliorant in biochar doses ranging from 1 to 30 tons per ha has proved to be most effective in growing crops. However, biochar effects on the growth of coniferous seedlings in the sowing section of forest nurseries have not been considered in the literature. The aim of the research was to study the effects of different biochar doses on agrochemical parameters of soils in forest nurseries with different granulometric soil composition and on the growth of spruce seedlings (Picea abies (L.)). Biochar fine-ground fractions (5 mm in diameter) were introduced into one-meter length lines of five-row sowing tapes in doses of 5 and 25 t/ha. In the control variants of the experiment, biochar was not introduced. For seeding, dry conifer seeds were used, which were prepared for sowing by standard methods. Agrotechnical methods for growing seedlings were carried out according to standard technological maps. The experiment had five replicates. The growth and development of European spruce seedlings as well as soil fertility parameters were studied during three growing seasons in the sowing sections of forest nurseries. At the experimental plots, the height of the seedlings and the diameter of their root collars were determined at the end of each growing season. 30 model seedlings were selected to determine the mass of a seedling, which was done after the seedlings were dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 80 C. The soil fertility parameters were evaluated based on the carbon content of organic matter and acidity; in addition, the contents of available forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were determined. The agrochemical analyses were performed using standard methods and procedures. Soil sampling was carried out using the envelope method in accordance with GOST 174.3.01–83. The validity of the applied biochar doses on the growth of seedlings was assessed with the single-factor analysis of variance. The introduction of biochar to the soil of the nursery sowing section in doses of 5 and 25 t/ha influenced the agrochemical parameters of both sandy and sandy loamy soil. In more fertile sandy loam soils, biochar positively influenced agrochemical parameters of the soil, which resulted in higher growth rates of spruce in the first growing season. However, the biochar effects on the agrochemical parameters of sandy loamy soil gradually decreased with time. When biochar was applied in a dose of 5 t/ha, carbon and nitrogen contents decreased significantly, which led to leveling of height growth of seedlings after the second growing season. However, increase in the seedling root collar diameter and weight was significant with respect to the control for both doses of biochar, 5 and 25 t/ha, after three years of cultivation. On sandy soil, the biochar effects on soil were more extended in time. By the end of 3 years, positive changes in the agrochemical parameters of the soil were still going on for both doses, 5 and 25 t/ha. However, due to lower agrochemical parameters of sandy soil, the growth of seedlings in these conditions remained low and the seedlings did not reach the standard parameters after three years of cultivation, even with the introduction of ameliorant.


Author(s):  
Thomas P. Holmes ◽  
Kathleen P. Bell ◽  
Brenna Byrne ◽  
Jeremy S. Wilson

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document