The Czech Armed Forces Chemical Corps Specialists’ Protection In Relation To Security Threats And Their Impacts On Some Trends Of Decontamination Development

Chemical warfare agents pose significant threats in the 21st century, especially for armed forces. A colorimetric detection array was developed to identify warfare mimics, including mustard gas and nerve agents. In total, 188 sensors were screened to determine the best sensor performance, in order to identify warfare mimics 2-chloro ethyl ethylsulfide, 2-2′-thiodiethanol, trifluoroacetic acid, methylphosphonic acid, dimethylphosphite, diethylcyanophosphonate, and diethyl (methylthiomethyl)phosphonate. The highest loadings in the principle component analysis (PCA) plots were used to identify the sensors that were most effective in analyzing the RGB data to classify the warfare mimics. The dataset was reduced to only twelve sensors, and PCA results gave comparable results as the large data did, demonstrating that only twelve sensors are needed to classify the warfare mimics.

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The Elimination of Methane Phosphonic Acid, Dimethyl Ester (DMMP) from Aqueous Solution Using 60Co-y and Electron Beam Induced Radiolysis: A Model Compound for Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Ε-Beam Process in the Destruction of Organophosphorus Chemical Warfare Agents

Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies ◽

10.1515/jaots-1998-0107 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Michael G. Nickelsen ◽

William J. Cooper ◽

Kevin E. O’Shea ◽

Martha Aguilar ◽

David V. Kalen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solution ◽

Health Risks ◽

Model Compound ◽

Dimethyl Ester ◽

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Armed Forces ◽

Chemical Warfare ◽

The Us ◽

Potential Environmental Impact ◽

Warfare Agents

AbstractThe stockpile of chemical warfare agents in the US is estimated at greater than 25,000 metric tons. The disposal of these chemicals poses both potential environmental impact and health risks. This issue is highly controversial because incineration has been adopted by the armed forces as the destruction method. Destruction of the stockpile by irradiation of a wkter solution is a viable alternative to incineration. Bench-scale (

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Current state and trends in the development of identification tools of the Chemical Warfare Agents in Ukraine: ways of harmonization in accordance with EU and NATO standards. Part I

Ukrainian Journal of Modern Toxicological Aspects ◽

10.33273/2663-4570-2019-86-2-44-52 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 86 (2) ◽

pp. 44-52

Author(s):

L.A. Ustinova ◽

V.A. Barkevych ◽

N.V. Kurdil ◽

R.M. Shvets ◽

V.I. Saglo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medical Service ◽

Scientific Information ◽

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Armed Forces ◽

Chemical Warfare ◽

Armed Conflicts ◽

Chemical Weapon ◽

Chemical Hazard ◽

Warfare Agents ◽

Operational Service

Relevance. Nowadays, Ukraine, where armed conflict takes place, has the highest risk of chemical hazard among countries of European region that induces the need for completing medical service and specialforces of Ukrainian Armed Forces with modern chemical-warfare reconnaissance means. Objective: analysis of modern methods for identification of chemical warfare agents and chemical-warfare reconnaissance means that are assured by the Ukrainian Armed Forces in terms of correspondence with current EU and NATO standards. Materials and methods. Analysis of domestic and foreign sources of scientific information in terms of use of chemical warfare agents and chemical weapon in modern warfare and armed conflicts was performed. Traditional methods and means for identification of chemical warfare agents were reviewed. The following methods of scientific study were applied: analytical, historical, bibliographic, systemic and informational approach. Results and discussion. Authors have performed the analysis of technical characteristics of chemical-warfare reconnaissance means and controls used in the Ukrainian Armed Forces, and have determined promising trends in retooling of outmoded devices. It has been emphasized that historical problem for Ukraine is the lack of own industrial production basis for technical modernization and development of novel devices for chemical-warfare reconnaissance, chemical analysis and appropriate consumables (indicator kits, indicator tubes, chemical reagents, etc.). Proposals are provided in terms of improvement of the abilities of the medical service for the assurance of medical protection of military servants under conditions of terrorist threats and warfightings, when an enemy uses mass destruction weapons. Authors underline that current technical chemical-warfare reconnaissance and chemical control means that are in the operational service of medical service and Special Forces of the Ukrainian Armed Forces require refitting and modernization via import phase-out of the current Soviet (Russian) pieces with analogues that are produced and are in the operational service of NATO countries. The specified way will significantly reduce time to retool the military forces and will not require special retraining of professionals. Conclusion. Modern tasks of chemical-warfare reconnaissance require principally new approach to the development of the methods and technologies for creation of the technical means basis in Ukraine that would provide the required sensitivity, efficiency and specificity in terms of identification of chemical warfare agents and chemical weapons. Key words: military toxicology, chemical weapon, identification of chemical warfare agents.

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Current state and trends in the development of the identification tools for chemical warfare agents in Ukraine: ways of harmonization in accordance with EU and NATO standards. Part IІ

Ukrainian Journal of Modern Toxicological Aspects ◽

10.33273/2663-4570-87-3-30-42 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 87 (3) ◽

pp. 30-42

Author(s):

L.A. Ustinova ◽

V.A. Barkevych ◽

N.V. Kurdil ◽

R.M. Shvets ◽

V.I. Saglo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Control ◽

High Reliability ◽

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Armed Forces ◽

Chemical Warfare ◽

Chemical Weapon ◽

Control Equipment ◽

Modern Chemical ◽

Warfare Agents ◽

Operational Service

ABSTRACT. Modern chemical-warfare (CW) reconnaissance tasks require a fundamentally new approach to the development of methods and technologies to create a database of technical means that provide the necessary sensitivity, responsiveness and specificity. This phase of the study involves chemical control equipment that is in operational service with EU and NATO armies. Objective: analysis of current international technological standards in the field of control of chemical warfare agents, which are in operational service with EU and NATO armies. Materials and Мethods. Domestic and foreign sources of scientific information, covering current issues of CBRN security in terms of chemical substances control equipment in EU and NATO countries and review of the prospects of their introduction into the arsenal of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The following methods of scientific research were applied: analytical, historical, bibliographic, systematic and informational approach, expert assessments. Results and Discussion. The analysis of foreign chemical control equipment showed that the most priority are portable gas alarms, robotic and air complexes of CW reconnaissance with the possibility of remote detection of the contaminated area, their integration into automated control systems, which provide prompt collection, processing and transfer of information on changing the chemical environment. As for modern chemical control tools in EU and NATO countries in the field of detection and identification of chemical warfare agents and hazardous chemicals, chemical, physical and chemical, biochemical and spectrometric methods are the most applied due to the speed and high reliability of the results. Currently, there is a need to equip the units of the tactical branch of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the Preventive Medicine Service of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine with a multi-purpose warning system of radiation and chemical threats. The compatibility of the warning and troop commanding system will reduce the loss of military personnel and machines during possible combat operations using weapons of mass destruction, as the systems will increase the speed of decision making on the use of individual and collective protective equipment. Conclusion. Harmonization of the standards of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with NATO standards in the field of chemical control is a complex task that requires changes in the system of standards of medical care, which include regulatory, engineering, tactical, medical, educational, and other processes. National scientific and technical potential may be the basis for the creation of new and improved technologies for the production of CW reconnaissance devices and means to indicate chemical warfare agents (CWA) for the needs of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Keywords: military toxicology, chemical weapon, identification of chemical warfare agents.

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The Influence of Chemical Weapons on Tactics and Operational Art in World War 1 (Essays in the History of Chemical Weapons), Part 2

Journal of NBC Protection Corps ◽

10.35825/2587-5728-2017-1-2-39-63 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 39-63

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Chemical Warfare ◽

Chemical Weapons ◽

Military Operations ◽

World War ◽

Chemical Attack ◽

German Army ◽

Operational Art ◽

Warfare Agents

The introduction of poison gases by the Germans at Ypres in April 1915 marked a new era in modern warfare. The cylinder attack of the German Army against the French and the British positions at Ypres on April 22, 1915, became the first large-scale appearance of the new kind of weapons, chemical weapons, on the battlefields of World War 1. The widespread use of chemical munitions of different types, numerous toxic agents and their delivery systems (field and heavy artillery, mortars and Livens projectors) by all the belligerents influenced military tactics and operational art at World War 1. In 1915-1916, during the period of trench warfare, the use of chemical weapons for breaking through the enemy`s first defence lines changed the structure of combat orders and led to their dispersal and the deployment in depth of the defensive zone. In 1917 chemical weapons made it possible to overcome the contradiction between the lengthy preliminary artillery bombardment and the surprise of the offensive. The unprecedented artillery chemical bombardments fired by the German Army, artillery chemical battle, resulted in the significant success of the Germans in spring offensives in 1918, when large parts of the front were given up by the retiring Allied forces. The dynamics of the growth of the chemical warfare agents` (CWA) production, the development of means and methods for delivering the agents efficiently to the target by the Allied countries allowed the authors to suggest that in case Germany had not signed the armistice of 11 November 1918 with the Allies, the large-scale battlefield use of chemical weapons could multiply both in quality and in quantity. The development of the bombardment aviation and the inability of Germany to carry out a retaliatory chemical attack, that became obvious at the end of 1918, offered a golden opportunity for the Allies to use chemical agents in 1919 without any legal or humanitarian limitation on the methods of warfare. This article is concerned also with tactical and operational objectives and targets the belligerents tried to achieve by using chemical weapons during separate battles, the evolution of chemical weapons and chemical warfare agents and their joint impact on military operations at the battlefields of World War 1.

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The Influence of Chemical Weapons on Tactics and Operational Art in World War 1 (Essays in the History of Chemical Weapons), Part 1

Journal of NBC Protection Corps ◽

10.35825/2587-5728-2017-1-1-53-68 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 53-68

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Chemical Warfare ◽

Chemical Weapons ◽

Military Operations ◽

World War ◽

Chemical Attack ◽

German Army ◽

Operational Art ◽

Warfare Agents

The introduction of poison gases by the Germans at Ypres in April 1915 marked a new era in modern warfare. The cylinder attack of the German Army against the French and the British positions at Ypres on April 22, 1915, became the first large-scale appearance of the new kind of weapons, chemical weapons, on the battlefields of World War 1. The widespread use of chemical munitions of different types, numerous toxic agents and their delivery systems (field and heavy artillery, mortars and Livens projectors) by all the belligerents influenced military tactics and operational art at World War 1. In 1915-1916, during the period of trench warfare, the use of chemical weapons for breaking through the enemy`s first defence lines changed the structure of combat orders and led to their dispersal and the deployment in depth of the defensive zone. In 1917 chemical weapons made it possible to overcome the contradiction between the lengthy preliminary artillery bombardment and the surprise of the offensive. The unprecedented artillery chemical bombardments fired by the German Army, artillery chemical battle, resulted in the significant success of the Germans in spring offensives in 1918, when large parts of the front were given up by the retiring Allied forces. The dynamics of the growth of the chemical warfare agents` (CWA) production, the development of means and methods for delivering the agents efficiently to the target by the Allied countries allowed the authors to suggest that in case Germany had not signed the armistice of 11 November 1918 with the Allies, the large-scale battlefield use of chemical weapons could multiply both in quality and in quantity. The development of the bombardment aviation and the inability of Germany to carry out a retaliatory chemical attack, that became obvious at the end of 1918, offered a golden opportunity for the Allies to use chemical agents in 1919 without any legal or humanitarian limitation on the methods of warfare. This article is concerned also with tactical and operational objectives and targets the belligerents tried to achieve by using chemical weapons during separate battles, the evolution of chemical weapons and chemical warfare agents and their joint impact on military operations at the battlefields of World War 1.

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The Influence of Chemical Weapons on Tactics and Operational Art in World War 1 (Essays in the History of Chemical Weapons), Part 3

Journal of NBC Protection Corps ◽

10.35825/2587-5728-2017-1-3-51-78 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 51-78

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Chemical Warfare ◽

Chemical Weapons ◽

Military Operations ◽

World War ◽

Chemical Attack ◽

German Army ◽

Operational Art ◽

Warfare Agents

The introduction of poison gases by the Germans at Ypres in April 1915 marked a new era in modern warfare. The cylinder attack of the German Army against the French and the British positions at Ypres on April 22, 1915, became the first large-scale appearance of the new kind of weapons, chemical weapons, on the battlefields of World War 1. The widespread use of chemical munitions of different types, numerous toxic agents and their delivery systems (field and heavy artillery, mortars and Livens projectors) by all the belligerents influenced military tactics and operational art at World War 1. In 1915-1916, during the period of trench warfare, the use of chemical weapons for breaking through the enemy`s first defence lines changed the structure of combat orders and led to their dispersal and the deployment in depth of the defensive zone. In 1917 chemical weapons made it possible to overcome the contradiction between the lengthy preliminary artillery bombardment and the surprise of the offensive. The unprecedented artillery chemical bombardments fired by the German Army, artillery chemical battle, resulted in the significant success of the Germans in spring offensives in 1918, when large parts of the front were given up by the retiring Allied forces. The dynamics of the growth of the chemical warfare agents` (CWA) production, the development of means and methods for delivering the agents efficiently to the target by the Allied countries allowed the authors to suggest that in case Germany had not signed the armistice of 11 November 1918 with the Allies, the large-scale battlefield use of chemical weapons could multiply both in quality and in quantity. The development of the bombardment aviation and the inability of Germany to carry out a retaliatory chemical attack, that became obvious at the end of 1918, offered a golden opportunity for the Allies to use chemical agents in 1919 without any legal or humanitarian limitation on the methods of warfare. This article is concerned also with tactical and operational objectives and targets the belligerents tried to achieve by using chemical weapons during separate battles, the evolution of chemical weapons and chemical warfare agents and their joint impact on military operations at the battlefields of World War 1.

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An Overview of Chemical Warfare Agents

Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine ◽

10.1177/102490790200900404 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 201-205 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

JTS Chan ◽

RSD Yeung ◽

SYH Tang

Keyword(s):

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Chemical Warfare Agent ◽

Chemical Warfare ◽

Personal Protection ◽

Military Operations ◽

Toxicological Effects ◽

Fundamental Knowledge ◽

Chemical Agents ◽

Warfare Agents ◽

Basic Concepts

Chemical warfare agent is defined as a chemical which is intended for use in military operations to kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate humans (or animals) through its toxicological effects. Chemical agents are relatively simple to make and easy to transport. Moreover, their effects are immediate and dramatic. Therefore chemical weapons are commonly used by terrorists to kill or injure in order to achieve certain political purposes. Although chemical incident is uncommon, however, once it occurs, the consequence will be great. Therefore, fundamental knowledge about the basic concepts, toxicity, personal protection, decontamination and treatment with respect to chemical incident are very important.

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