Dung-pile use by guanacos in eastern Patagonia

Mammalia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 596-599
Author(s):  
Andrea Marino
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Plasticity ◽  
Territorial Male ◽  
Adaptive Function ◽  
Family Groups

Abstract Previous studies on guanacos have reported that only territorial males create and maintain dung-piles. The aim of this analysis was to compare dung-pile use by territorial males with the use by females and young in family groups, and by bachelor males. Although territorial males showed the highest dung-pile use, all individuals dropped feces on piles frequently, in contrast to what was previously observed within other guanaco populations. Besides stressing the behavioral plasticity of guanacos, these results suggest an additional adaptive function of localized-defecation other than demarcating territory ownership by the territorial male.

The adaptive function of fantasy: A proposal from the perspective of control-mastery theory.

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Martina Rodomonti ◽  
Francesco Fedeli ◽  
Emma De Luca ◽  
Francesco Gazzillo ◽  
Marshall Bush
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Function ◽  
Control Mastery ◽  
Control Mastery Theory

The Incorporation of American Religion: The Case of the Presbyterians

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-118
Author(s):  
Louis Weeks
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Voluntary Associations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
American Religion ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Protestant Denominations ◽  
Family Groups

The Christian church, including all its various branches, has been consistently susceptible to the forces that form or change cultures. Scholars claim that this adaptability has been extremely important in the rise and spread of the religion. In the American environment, Protestants formed voluntary associations that attracted people individually and by family groups. This environment actually shaped “denominations” even during the colonial period. One such denomination was the Presbyterians, who pioneered in the formation of a communion that existed as neither a “state church” nor a “dissenting” church body. As the United States experienced industrialization and growing complexity in economic and cultural patterns, the Protestant denominations were affected by those same forces. Thus, denominations naturally became what came to be termed “non-profit corporations,” subject to the limitations and problems of such organizations but also the beneficiaries of that system as well.

Asset Allocation for Family Groups

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Asset Allocation ◽  
Family Groups

‘Many kyne and few that dothe for me’

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Clark
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Shared Goals ◽  
Family Groups

Family relationships were the cornerstone of society, especially for women, whose time was often spent advancing their kin. But not every relationship between kin could be positive all of the time, and this is as true for women as for men. Noble dynasties are often presented either as a series of coherent family groups united in pursuit of shared goals, or, conversely, as disparate individuals as likely to fight as unite, and women are not always given space in these interpretations. Yet this need not be an either/or choice. While both these interpretations might be true under extraordinary circumstances, even the Howards did not live every moment under such intense pressures. This chapter examines the everyday relationships between the Howard women and their kin, arguing that the family were neither automatically united nor wholly disunited.

Phenotypic plasticity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen D. Williams ◽  
Marla B. Sokolowski
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Behavioral Plasticity ◽  
Behavioral Flexibility ◽  
Insect Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Variability ◽  
Gene By Environment Interactions ◽  
Affect Gene Expression

Why is there so much variation in insect behavior? This chapter will address the sources of behavioral variability, with a particular focus on phenotypic plasticity. Variation in social, nutritional, and seasonal environmental contexts during development and adulthood can give rise to phenotypic plasticity. To delve into mechanism underlying behavioral flexibility in insects, examples of polyphenisms, a type of phenotypic plasticity, will be discussed. Selected examples reveal that environmental change can affect gene expression, which in turn can affect behavioral plasticity. These changes in gene expression together with gene-by-environment interactions are discussed to illuminate our understanding of insect behavioral plasticity.

Evo-Devo and the Structure(s) of Evolutionary Theory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan C. Love
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Evolutionary Developmental Biology ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Adaptive Function ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Central Location ◽  
Developmental Form ◽  
Evo Devo

Many researchers have argued that evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) constitutes a challenge to standard evolutionary theory, requiring the explicit inclusion of developmental processes that generate variation and attention to organismal form (rather than adaptive function). An analysis of these developmental-form challenges indicates that the primary concern is not the inclusion of specific content but the epistemic organization or structure of evolutionary theory. Proponents of developmental-form challenges favor moving their considerations to a more central location in evolutionary theorizing, in part because of a commitment to the value of mechanistic explanation. This chapter argues there are multiple legitimate structures for evolutionary theory, instead of a single, overarching or canonical organization, and different theory presentations can be understood as idealizations that serve different investigative and explanatory goals in evolutionary inquiry.

Pakistan’s 22 Families

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Government Policies ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
The Government ◽  
Proper Perspective ◽  
Family Groups

In this chapter, Haq goes back to his 1968 presentation alleging 22 industrial family groups that had come to control a majority of industrial, banking and insurance sectors in the country. In this article, Haq explains that the study and the findings need to be viewed in the proper perspective, highlighting that the concentration of wealth was a by-product of the government policies and the primitive capitalist system in Pakistan. Haq clarifies that the slogan of the 22 families was rather taken too literally. For him, the 22 families were not the cause, but a mere symptom of the system that created them.

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