Trans Masculinity: Comparing Trans Masculine Individuals’ and Cisgender Men’s Conformity to Hegemonic Masculinity

Introduction Masculinity and masculine norms are still relevant in the current social context. Literature showed that some masculine norms could be considered protective health buffers, while traditional masculinity has negative consequences on men’s behaviors, relationships, and health. Methods In the present study, we aimed at investigating trans masculine and cisgender men’s levels of adherence to different dimensions of hegemonic masculinity. A total of 200 participants (100 trans masculine people and 100 cisgender men) took part in the study. Results Results exhibit that trans masculine individuals showed higher scores than cisgender men on the dimensions of emotional control and self-reliance, whereas cisgender men showed higher endorsement of norms such as heterosexual self-presentation and power over women. Conclusions Results are discussed in light of the minority stress model and masculinity threat theory. Policy Implications The present work should act as a reminder of the pressure that trans masculine people may feel to conform to certain aspects of hegemonic masculinity. This may have the adaptive function of protecting them from the discrimination and threats that they expect from others.

Clinical aspects of morphological investigation of fetal thyroid glands

The investigation of 121 thyroid glands offetuses and neonates of mothers who live in Saint-Petersburg was carried out. The paper analyzes intra and postnatal fatal outcomes taking account оf gestational andpostnatal age. The role of thyroid glands adaptive function emaciation in thanatogenesis in case of asphyxia was demonstrated. On the basis of the study practical recommendations are suggested.

The C50 carotenoid bacterioruberin regulates membrane fluidity in pink-pigmented Arthrobacter species

Carotenoids have several crucial biological functions and are part of the cold adaptation mechanism of some bacteria. Some pink-pigmented Arthrobacter species produce the rare C50 carotenoid bacterioruberin, whose function in these bacteria is unclear and is found mainly in halophilic archaea. Strains Arthrobacter agilis DSM 20550T and Arthrobacter bussei DSM 109896T show an increased bacterioruberin content if growth temperature is reduced from 30 down to 10 °C. In vivo anisotropy measurements with trimethylammonium-diphenylhexatriene showed increased membrane fluidity and a broadening phase transition with increased bacterioruberin content in the membrane at low-temperature growth. Suppression of bacterioruberin synthesis at 10 °C using sodium chloride confirmed the function of bacterioruberin in modulating membrane fluidity. Increased bacterioruberin content also correlated with increased cell resistance to freeze–thaw stress. These findings confirmed the adaptive function of bacterioruberin for growth at low temperatures for pink-pigmented Arthrobacter species.

Assessment Tools for Executive Function and Adaptive Function Following Brain Pathology Among Children in Developing Country Contexts: a Scoping Review of Current Tools

Several tools have been developed to assess executive function (EFs) and adaptive functioning, although in mainly Western populations. Information on tools for low-and-middle-income country children is scanty. A scoping review of such instruments was therefore undertaken.We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis- Scoping Review extension (PRISMA-ScR) checklist (Tricco et al., in Annals of Internal Medicine 169(7), 467–473, 2018). A search was made for primary research papers of all study designs that focused on development or adaptation of EF or adaptive function tools in low-and-middle-income countries, published between 1st January 1894 to 15th September 2020. 14 bibliographic databases were searched, including several non-English databases and the data were independently charted by at least 2 reviewers.The search strategy identified 5675 eligible abstracts, which was pruned down to 570 full text articles. These full-text articles were then manually screened for eligibility with 51 being eligible. 41 unique tools coming in 49 versions were reviewed. Of these, the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF- multiple versions), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Go/No-go and the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure (ROCF) had the most validations undertaken for EF tests. For adaptive functions, the tools with the most validation studies were the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales (VABS- multiple versions) and the Child Function Impairment Rating Scale (CFIRS- first edition).There is a fair assortment of tests available that have either been developed or adapted for use among children in developing countries but with limited range of validation studies. However, their psychometric adequacy for this population was beyond the scope of this paper.

Self-Compassion dan Negative Emotional States Pada Mahasiswa Kedokteran Umum: Hubungan dan Prevalensi

Negative emotional states, such as depression, anxiety, and stress, can arise and impact the individual's adaptive function. Self-compassion includes treating oneself with wisdom and understanding when faced with suffering, which helps improve self-regulation in dealing with emotional problems. This study aims to see the relationship between self-compassion and negative emotional states in Diponegoro University medical students, involving 118 participants of second-year students using the convenience sampling technique. Measurements in the study were carried out using the self-compassion scale (22 items, α = 0.925) and the DASS-21 Indonesian version (21 items, α = 0.892). Spearman's rho showed a significant negative relationship between self-compassion and negative emotional states (rxy = -0.630, p = 0.000). Self-compassion was also found to have a significant negative relationship with depression (rxy = -0.643, p = 0.000), anxiety (rxy = -0.440, p = 0.000), and stress (rxy = -0.516, p = 0.000). These results indicate that the higher self-compassion of the participants, the lower the negative emotional states, and vice versa. Self-compassion predicts negative emotional states in participants ranging from depression, stress, and anxiety sequentially. The further identified prevalence of negative emotional states in participants in this study. A program to enhance self-compassion is needed to reduce negative emotional states.

Theoretical Disquisition on the Static and Dynamic Characteristics of an Adaptive Stepped Hydrostatic Thrust Bearing with a Displacement Compensator

Stepped hydrostatic thrust bearings used in metal-cutting machines are characterized by high load capacity and damping, which ensure the stable operation of structures. However, in comparison with throttle thrust bearings, they have a high compliance. It is preferable that, in addition to the main bearing function, a modern hydrostatic bearing has the ability to provide low (including negative) compliance for the implementation of an adaptive function in order to actively compensate for the deformation of the machine resilient system, thereby increasing the accuracy of metalworking. This paper considers the design of a stepped hydrostatic thrust bearing, which, in order to reduce the compliance to negative values, features a technical improvement consisting of the use of an active displacement compensator on an elastic suspension. In this paper, the results of mathematical modeling and theoretical research of stationary and non-stationary modes of operation of the adaptive thrust bearing are presented. The possibility of a significant reduction in the static compliance of the structure, including the negative compliance values, is shown. It was found that negative compliance is provided in a wide range of loads, which can be up to 80% of the range of permissible bearing loads. The study of the dynamic characteristics showed that with a targeted selection of parameters that ensure optimal performance, the adaptive thrust bearing is able to operate stably in the entire range of permissible loads. It has been established that an adaptive stepped hydrostatic thrust bearing with a displacement compensator has a high stability margin, sufficient to ensure its operability when implementing the adaptive function.

Why Sing and Dance: an Examination of the Cooperative Effects of Group Synchrony

<p>The universality and antiquity of music and dance suggest that they may serve some important adaptive function. Why are music and dance cultural universals? One popular theory is that music and dance function to enhance mutually benefiting cooperation. While the cooperation hypothesis finds support from anthropological observations and recent experiments, the proximate mechanisms remain unclear. In this thesis, I examine if being in synchrony is a critical factor underlying music and dance’s cooperative effects. I define synchrony as rhythmically moving or vocalising in time with others. In support of synchrony’s role in fostering cooperation, a number of studies exploring two person interactions have found positive social effects from synchrony. However, it is not clear whether synchrony enhances cooperation in groups larger than two as typical with music and dance. This thesis describes five laboratory experiments that were conducted to investigate: (1) whether group synchrony increases cooperation; and (2) which psychological mechanisms are involved in producing synchrony’s cooperative effects. In the first three experiments, small groups of participants were asked to perform body movements or to vocalise words in time with the same (synchrony condition) or different (asynchrony condition) metronome beats. Cooperative behaviour was measured with a helping scenario and an economic game. A small increase in cooperation was found with synchronous movement compared to asynchronous movement (experiment 1 and 3). However, this difference was only significant with the economic game measure (experiment 3). When vocalisation was isolated (experiment 2), contrary to expectations, the highest level of helping occurred after the asynchrony vocal condition. A plausible explanation for such small and inconsistent effects comes from the method in which synchrony was manipulated. Following previous methodologies, the goal for participants was to entrain to their own beat. Yet in natural human ecologies, synchrony is a product of shared intentionality – the sharing of psychological states to produce collaborative behaviour. To better understand the contribution of shared intentionality, experiments 4 and 5 varied synchrony with shared intentionality, and then measured cooperation. These experiments revealed that when participants worked together to create synchrony, substantial increases in cooperation were found, for both synchronous vocalisations (experiment 4) and for synchronous movements (experiment 5). Synchrony was also found to significantly amplify two key hypothesised mediating variables: perceived similarity and entitativity (the degree to which a collection of people are perceived as a group). Path analysis supported a proposed mechanism by which synchrony combines with shared intentionality to produce greater cooperation through: (1) increased attention to the behaviours of other participants; and (2) reinforcement of successful cooperation. This thesis, therefore, extends previous research on group music and dance in three ways. First, the combined effect of synchrony and shared intentionality is identified as critical to the cooperation enhancing effects of music and dance. Second, it describes plausible mechanisms for how synchrony may lead to increased cooperation. Third, it provides empirical evidence in support of these mechanisms.</p>

Why Sing and Dance: an Examination of the Cooperative Effects of Group Synchrony

<p>The universality and antiquity of music and dance suggest that they may serve some important adaptive function. Why are music and dance cultural universals? One popular theory is that music and dance function to enhance mutually benefiting cooperation. While the cooperation hypothesis finds support from anthropological observations and recent experiments, the proximate mechanisms remain unclear. In this thesis, I examine if being in synchrony is a critical factor underlying music and dance’s cooperative effects. I define synchrony as rhythmically moving or vocalising in time with others. In support of synchrony’s role in fostering cooperation, a number of studies exploring two person interactions have found positive social effects from synchrony. However, it is not clear whether synchrony enhances cooperation in groups larger than two as typical with music and dance. This thesis describes five laboratory experiments that were conducted to investigate: (1) whether group synchrony increases cooperation; and (2) which psychological mechanisms are involved in producing synchrony’s cooperative effects. In the first three experiments, small groups of participants were asked to perform body movements or to vocalise words in time with the same (synchrony condition) or different (asynchrony condition) metronome beats. Cooperative behaviour was measured with a helping scenario and an economic game. A small increase in cooperation was found with synchronous movement compared to asynchronous movement (experiment 1 and 3). However, this difference was only significant with the economic game measure (experiment 3). When vocalisation was isolated (experiment 2), contrary to expectations, the highest level of helping occurred after the asynchrony vocal condition. A plausible explanation for such small and inconsistent effects comes from the method in which synchrony was manipulated. Following previous methodologies, the goal for participants was to entrain to their own beat. Yet in natural human ecologies, synchrony is a product of shared intentionality – the sharing of psychological states to produce collaborative behaviour. To better understand the contribution of shared intentionality, experiments 4 and 5 varied synchrony with shared intentionality, and then measured cooperation. These experiments revealed that when participants worked together to create synchrony, substantial increases in cooperation were found, for both synchronous vocalisations (experiment 4) and for synchronous movements (experiment 5). Synchrony was also found to significantly amplify two key hypothesised mediating variables: perceived similarity and entitativity (the degree to which a collection of people are perceived as a group). Path analysis supported a proposed mechanism by which synchrony combines with shared intentionality to produce greater cooperation through: (1) increased attention to the behaviours of other participants; and (2) reinforcement of successful cooperation. This thesis, therefore, extends previous research on group music and dance in three ways. First, the combined effect of synchrony and shared intentionality is identified as critical to the cooperation enhancing effects of music and dance. Second, it describes plausible mechanisms for how synchrony may lead to increased cooperation. Third, it provides empirical evidence in support of these mechanisms.</p>

Twórczość jako adaptacja? Sztuka zagrożona wyginięciem…

In this paper I try to defend contemporary art (avant-garde and post-modern) from the criticism of evolutionary aesthetics. Referring to selected theses put forward by Jerzy Luty in his book Art as Adaptation. Universalism in Evolutionary Aesthetics (2018), I propose an alternative to them in the form of philosophical anthropology (Gehlen) and evolutionary theory considered as bricolage (Jacob). Above all, I challenge the hypotheses of the evolutionarily and biologically adaptive function of art and the condition of pleasure it must necessarily provide.

ON THE NEW MODEL OF ADAPTIVE INTELLOGENCE

В статье рассматривается традиционное понимание адаптивной функции интеллекта, обоснованное в трудах Ж.Пиаже, Г.Култона и многих других авторов. Даются исчерпываю щие представления о принципиально новых подходах к пониманию адаптивно интеллектуальной функции, разработанных в контексте общей теории психотерапии. Приводится краткое и развернутое определение новой модели адаптивного интеллекта. Обсуждаются эвристическ ие следствия данной модели в психотерапии, в частности в мета модели социальной психотерапии, в сфере деятельности научных и религиозных институтов, а также в сфере научной этики. Делаются выводы о состоятельности и перспективности использования данной мод ели в науке и практике. The article examines the traditional understanding of the adaptive function of intelligence, substantiated in the works of J. Piaget, G. Coulton and many other authors. Exhaustive ideas about fundamentally new approaches to understanding the adaptive-intellectual function, developed in the context of the general theory of psychotherapy, are given. A short and detailed definition of a new model of adaptive intelligence is given. The heuristic consequences of this model in psychotherapy, in particular in the meta-model of social psychotherapy, in the field of activities of scientific and religious institutions, as well as in the field of scientific ethics are discussed. Conclusions are made about the consistency and prospects of using this model in science and practice.