scholarly journals The development of ACh- and GABA-activated currents in embryonic chick ciliary ganglion neurons in the absence of innervation in vivo

1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1115-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
KL Engisch ◽  
GD Fischbach
Keyword(s):  
Ciliary Ganglion ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Ganglion Neurons

GDNF and neurturin are target-derived factors essential for cranial parasympathetic neuron development

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (19) ◽  
pp. 3773-3782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eri Hashino ◽  
Marlene Shero ◽  
Dirk Junghans ◽  
Hermann Rohrer ◽  
Jeffrey Milbrandt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Striate Muscle ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion ◽  
Neuron Development ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Parasympathetic Neuron

During development, parasympathetic ciliary ganglion neurons arise from the neural crest and establish synaptic contacts on smooth and striate muscle in the eye. The factors that promote the ciliary ganglion pioneer axons to grow toward their targets have yet to be determined. Here, we show that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NRTN) constitute target-derived factors for developing ciliary ganglion neurons. Both GDNF and NRTN are secreted from eye muscle located in the target and trajectory pathway of ciliary ganglion pioneer axons during the period of target innervation. After this period, however, the synthesis of GDNF declines markedly, while that of NRTN is maintained throughout the cell death period. Furthermore, both in vitro and in vivo function-blocking of GDNF at early embryonic ages almost entirely suppresses ciliary axon outgrowth. These results demonstrate that target-derived GDNF is necessary for ciliary ganglion neurons to innervate ciliary muscle in the eye. Since the down-regulation of GDNF in the eye is accompanied by down-regulation of GFRα1 and Ret, but not of GFRα2, in innervating ciliary ganglion neurons, the results also suggest that target-derived GDNF regulates the expression of its high-affinity coreceptors.

scholarly journals Effects of preganglionic denervation and postganglionic axotomy on acetylcholine receptors in the chick ciliary ganglion.

1987 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 1847-1854 ◽  
Author(s):  
M H Jacob ◽  
D K Berg
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Membrane Components ◽  
Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Alpha Bungarotoxin ◽  
Binding Component

The regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in chick ciliary ganglia was examined by using a radiolabeled anti-AChR mAb to quantitate the amount of receptor in ganglion detergent extracts after preganglionic denervation or postganglionic axotomy. Surgical transection of the preganglionic input to the ciliary ganglion in newly hatched chicks caused a threefold reduction in the total number of AChRs within 10 d compared with that present in unoperated contralateral control ganglia. Surgical transection of both the choroid and ciliary nerves emerging from the ciliary ganglion in newly hatched chicks to establish postganglionic axotomy led to a nearly 10-fold reduction in AChRs within 5 d compared with unoperated contralateral ganglia. The declines were specific since they could not be accounted for by changes in ganglionic protein or by decreases in neuronal survival or size. Light microscopy revealed no gross morphological differences between neurons in operated and control ganglia. A second membrane component of cholinergic relevance on chick ciliary ganglion neurons is the alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-Bgt)-binding component. The alpha-Bgt-binding component also declined in number after either postganglionic axotomy or preganglionic denervation, but appeared to do so with a more rapid time course than did ganglionic AChRs. The results imply that cell-cell interactions in vivo specifically regulate both the number of AChRs and the number of alpha-Bgt-binding components in the ganglion. Regulation of these neuronal cholinergic membrane components clearly differs from that previously described for muscle AChRs.

Regulation of neuronal K(+) currents by target-derived factors: opposing actions of two different isoforms of TGFbeta

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (18) ◽  
pp. 4157-4164
Author(s):  
J.S. Cameron ◽  
L. Dryer ◽  
S.E. Dryer
Keyword(s):  
Functional Expression ◽  
Developmental Expression ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Intraocular Injection ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Ganglion Neurons ◽  
K Currents

The developmental expression of macroscopic Ca(2+)-activated K(+) currents in chick ciliary ganglion neurons is dependent on an avian ortholog of TGFbeta1, known as TGFbeta4, secreted from target tissues in the eye. Here we report that a different isoform, TGFbeta3, is also expressed in a target tissue of ciliary ganglion neurons. Application of TGFbeta3 inhibits the functional expression of whole-cell Ca(2+)-activated K(+) currents evoked by 12 hour treatment with either TGFbeta1 or beta-neuregulin-1 in ciliary ganglion neurons developing in vitro. TGFbeta3 had no effect on voltage-activated Ca(2+) currents. A neutralizing antiserum specific for TGFbeta3 potentiates stimulation of Ca(2+)-activated K(+) currents evoked by a target tissue (iris) extract in cultured ciliary ganglion neurons, indicating that TGFbeta3 is an inhibitory component of these extracts. Intraocular injection of TGFbeta3 causes a modest but significant inhibition of the expression of Ca(2+)-activated K(+) currents in ciliary ganglion neurons developing in vivo. Further, intraocular injection of a TGFbeta3-neutralizing antiserum stimulates expression of Ca(2+)-activated K(+) currents in ciliary ganglion neurons developing in vivo, indicating that endogenous TGFbeta3 regulates the functional expression of this current. The normal developmental expression of functional Ca(2+)-activated K(+) currents in ciliary ganglion neurons developing in vivo is therefore regulated by two different target-derived isoforms of TGFbeta, which produce opposing effects on the electrophysiological differentiation of these neurons.

scholarly journals Calcium Signals Activated by Arachidonic Acid in Embryonic Chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons

Neurosignals ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 244-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Erriquez ◽  
Alessandra Gilardino ◽  
Paolo Ariano ◽  
Luca Munaron ◽  
Davide Lovisolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Calcium Signals ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Ganglion Neurons

scholarly journals Changes in the number of chick ciliary ganglion neuron processes with time in cell culture.

1987 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
L W Role ◽  
G D Fischbach
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Dissociated Cell Culture ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Ganglion Neurons

The purpose of this study was to describe the shape of chick ciliary ganglion neurons dissociated from embryonic day 8 or 9 ganglia and maintained in vitro. Most of the neurons were multipolar during the first three days after plating, with an average of 6.0 processes extending directly from the cell body. The neurons became unipolar with time. The remaining primary process accounted for greater than 90% of the total neuritic arbor. This striking change in morphology was not due to the selective loss of multipolar cells, or to an obvious decline in the health of apparently intact cells. The retraction of processes was neither prevented nor promoted by the presence of embryonic muscle cells. Process pruning occurred to the same extent and over the same time course whether the cells were plated on a monolayer of embryonic myotubes or on a layer of lysed fibroblasts. Process retraction is not an inevitable consequence of our culture conditions. Motoneurons dissociated from embryonic spinal cords remained multipolar over the same period of time. We conclude that ciliary ganglion neurons breed true in dissociated cell culture in that the multipolar-unipolar transition reflects their normal, in vivo, developmental program.

IGF-I enhances survival of embryonic chick ciliary ganglion neurons in a calcium-dependent way

Neuroreport ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2513-2517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Barale ◽  
Marina Torre ◽  
Claudia Haimann ◽  
Davide Lovisolo
Keyword(s):  
Ciliary Ganglion ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Ganglion Neurons

scholarly journals Resolution of diaminobenzidine for the detection of horseradish peroxidase on surfaces of cultured cells.

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 837-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Messing ◽  
A Stieber ◽  
N K Gonatas
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Lateral Spread ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion ◽  
Monolayer Cultures ◽  
Indirect Immunoperoxidase ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Ganglion Neurons

The resolution of indirect immunoperoxidase methods for localizing antigens on the surface of plasma membranes of cultured cells was tested using dissociated monolayer cultures of ciliary ganglion neurons prelabeled with cationic ferritin. Clusters of ferritin were produced on the cell surface by warming the cells to 37 degrees C after the ferritin, rabbit anti-ferritin, and goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin coupled to horseradish peroxidase had all been applied. Intense 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) staining was limited to the regions immediately surrounding the ferritin clusters. The lateral spread of the DAB reaction product beyond the outer ferritin particles in each cluster averaged 54-81 nm in four experiments. A second type of increased density, coinciding with the thickness of the plasma membrane, was also seen. These stained plasma membranes extended 161-339 nm from the ferritin clusters.

scholarly journals Agrin Gene Expression in Ciliary Ganglion Neurons Following Preganglionic Denervation and Postganglionic Axotomy

1995 ◽  
Vol 168 (2) ◽  
pp. 662-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy S. Thomas ◽  
Michele H. Jacob ◽  
Diane K. O'Dowd ◽  
Martin A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Ganglion Neurons
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