Low-Frequency Stimulation Cancels the High-Frequency-Induced Long-Lasting Effects in the Rat Medial Vestibular Nuclei

An assemblage of individual motoneurons constituting a synthetic motoneuron pool has been studied from the standpoint of relating monosynaptic reflex responses to frequency of afferent stimulation. Intensity of low frequency depression is not a simple function of transmitter potentiality. As frequency of stimulation increases from 3 per minute to 10 per second, low frequency depression increases in magnitude. Between 10 and approximately 60 per second low frequency depression apparently diminishes and subnormality becomes a factor in causing depression. At frequencies above 60 per second temporal summation occurs, but subnormality limits the degree of response attainable by summation. At low stimulation frequencies rhythm is determined by stimulation frequency. Interruptions of rhythmic firing depend solely upon temporal fluctuation of excitability. At high frequency of stimulation rhythm is determined by subnormality rather than inherent rhythmicity, and excitability fluctuation leads to instability of response rhythm. In short, whatever the stimulation frequency, random excitability fluctuation is the factor disrupting rhythmic response. Monosynaptic reflex response latency is stable during high frequency stimulation as it is in low frequency stimulation provided a significant extrinsic source of random bombardment is not present. In the presence of powerful random bombardment discharge may become random with respect to monosynaptic afferent excitation provided the latter is feeble. When this occurs it does so equally at low frequency and high frequency. Thus temporal summation is not a necessary factor. There is, then, no remaining evidence to suggest that the agency for temporal summation in the monosynaptic system becomes a transmitting agency in its own right.

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Robust Changes of Afferent-Induced Excitation in the Rat Spinal Dorsal Horn After Conditioning High-Frequency Stimulation

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.2000.83.4.2412 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 83 (4) ◽

pp. 2412-2420 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Hiroshi Ikeda ◽

Tatsuya Asai ◽

Kazuyuki Murase

Keyword(s):

Dorsal Horn ◽

High Frequency ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Single Pulse ◽

High Frequency Stimulation ◽

Neuronal Excitation ◽

Low Frequency Stimulation ◽

Frequency Stimulation ◽

Stimulation Of

We investigated the neuronal plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn and its relationship with spinal inhibitory networks using an optical-imaging method that detects neuronal excitation. High-intensity single-pulse stimulation of the dorsal root activating both A and C fibers evoked an optical response in the lamina II (the substantia gelatinosa) of the dorsal horn in transverse slices of 12- to 25-day-old rat spinal cords stained with a voltage-sensitive dye, RH-482. The optical response, reflecting the net neuronal excitation along the slice-depth, was depressed by 28% for more than 1 h after a high-frequency conditioning stimulation of A fibers in the dorsal root (3 tetani of 100 Hz for 1 s with an interval of 10 s). The depression was not induced in a perfusion solution containing an NMDA antagonist,dl-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5; 30 μM). In a solution containing the inhibitory amino acid antagonists bicuculline (1 μM) and strychnine (3 μM), and also in a low Cl−solution, the excitation evoked by the single-pulse stimulation was enhanced after the high-frequency stimulation by 31 and 18%, respectively. The enhanced response after conditioning was depotentiated by a low-frequency stimulation of A fibers (0.2–1 Hz for 10 min). Furthermore, once the low-frequency stimulation was applied, the high-frequency conditioning could not potentiate the excitation. Inhibitory transmissions thus regulate the mode of synaptic plasticity in the lamina II most likely at afferent terminals. The high-frequency conditioning elicits a long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic efficacy under a greater activity of inhibitory amino acids, but it results in a long-term potentiation (LTP) when inhibition is reduced. The low-frequency preconditioning inhibits the potentiation induction and maintenance by the high-frequency conditioning. These mechanisms might underlie robust changes of nociception, such as hypersensitivity after injury or inflammation and pain relief after electrical or cutaneous stimulation.

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Gnashing induced by electrical stimulation of rabbit brain cortex

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1961.200.5.916 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 200 (5) ◽

pp. 916-918 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yojiro Kawamura ◽

Shusaku Tsukamoto ◽

Kiyokatsu Miyoshi

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

High Frequency ◽

Brain Cortex ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Rabbit Brain ◽

Lower Jaw ◽

Low Frequency Stimulation ◽

Frequency Stimulation ◽

Chewing Movement ◽

Experimentally Induced

Gnashing was induced in rabbits by high-frequency cortical stimulation. The frequencies ranged from 60 to 1000 cycle/sec. Strictly circumscribed anteromedial cortical areas were responsive to stimulation. These loci are similar to those which induced chewing movements with low-frequency stimulation (30 cycle/ sec). Electrical stimulation within the above-described range induced gnashing of a constant rhythm of 3–4 cycle/sec that was almost independent of the stimulation frequency. The rate of experimentally induced gnashing is slower than the rate of experimentally induced chewing movements of 5–6 cycle/sec. Gnashing motion of the lower jaw consisted of the vertical and dominant lateral movements; the lateral deflection was more predominant than that of the chewing movement. Gnashing was readily induced with low-frequency stimulation after topical application of a 0.5% solution of strychnine nitrate on the cortical jaw motor area.

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Tremor entrainment by patterned low-frequency stimulation

Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences ◽

10.1098/rsta.2008.0104 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 366 (1880) ◽

pp. 3545-3573 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Utako B Barnikol ◽

Oleksandr V Popovych ◽

Christian Hauptmann ◽

Volker Sturm ◽

Hans-Joachim Freund ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Anaesthesia ◽

High Frequency ◽

Standard Procedure ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Target Localization ◽

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type ◽

Target Point ◽

Low Frequency Stimulation ◽

Tremor Suppression ◽

Frequency Stimulation

High-frequency test stimulation for tremor suppression is a standard procedure for functional target localization during deep brain stimulation. This method does not work in cases where tremor vanishes intraoperatively, for example, due to general anaesthesia or due to an insertional effect. To overcome this difficulty, we developed a stimulation technique that effectively evokes tremor in a well-defined and quantifiable manner. For this, we used patterned low-frequency stimulation (PLFS), i.e. brief high-frequency pulse trains administered at pulse rates similar to neurons' preferred burst frequency. Unlike periodic single-pulse stimulation, PLFS enables one to convey effective and considerably greater integral charge densities without violation of safety requirements. In a computational investigation of an oscillatory neuronal network temporarily rendered inactive, we found that PLFS evokes synchronized activity, phase locked to the stimulus. While a stronger increase in the amount of synchrony in the neuronal population requires higher stimulus intensities, the portion of synchronously active neurons nevertheless becomes strongly phase locked to PLFS already at weak stimulus intensities. The phase entrainment effect of PLFS turned out to be robust against variations in the stimulation frequency, whereas enhancement of synchrony required precisely tuned stimulation frequencies. We applied PLFS to a patient with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) with pronounced tremor that disappeared intraoperatively under general anaesthesia. In accordance with our computational results, PLFS evoked tremor, phase locked to the stimulus. In particular, weak PLFS caused low-amplitude, but strongly phase-locked tremor. PLFS test stimulations provided the only functional information about target localization. Optimal target point selection was confirmed by excellent post-operative tremor suppression.

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Role of fascia in maintenance of muscle tension and pressure

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1981.51.2.317 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 317-320 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

S. R. Garfin ◽

C. M. Tipton ◽

S. J. Mubarak ◽

S. L. Woo ◽

A. R. Hargens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Frequency ◽

Muscle Tension ◽

Fluid Pressure ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Testing Procedure ◽

Force Transducer ◽

High Frequency Stimulation ◽

Low Frequency Stimulation ◽

Frequency Stimulation

The effect of fasciotomy on muscle tension (measured by a force transducer attached to the tendon) and interstitial fluid pressure (measured by Wick catheters in the muscle belly) was studied in the anterolateral compartments of 13 dog hindlimbs. Muscle tension and pressure were monitored in the tibialis cranialis muscle after low- and high-frequency stimulation of the peroneal nerve to produce twitch- and tetanic-type contractions. Fasciotomy decreased muscle force during the low-frequency stimulation by 16% (35.3 +/- 4.9 to 28.4 +/- 3.9 N) and during the high-frequency stimulation by 10% (60.8 %/- 4.9 to 54.8 +/- 3.9 N). Muscle pressure decreased 50% after fasciotomy under both conditions, 15 +/- 2 to 6 +/- 1 mmHg and 84 +/- 17 to 41 +/- 8 mmHg), respectively. Repeated functional evaluations during the testing procedure indicated that muscle fatigue was not a major factor in these results. It was concluded that fascia is important in the development of muscle tension and changes in interstitial pressure. Furthermore, the results raised questions concerning the merits of performing a fasciotomy for athletes with a compartment syndrome.

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Cholecystokinin release triggered by NMDA receptors produces LTP and sound–sound associative memory

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1816833116 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 116 (13) ◽

pp. 6397-6406 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Xi Chen ◽

Xiao Li ◽

Yin Ting Wong ◽

Xuejiao Zheng ◽

Haitao Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Associative Learning ◽

Associative Memory ◽

High Frequency ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Long Term Potentiation ◽

High Frequency Stimulation ◽

Low Frequency Stimulation ◽

Term Potentiation ◽

Frequency Stimulation

Memory is stored in neural networks via changes in synaptic strength mediated in part by NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP). Here we show that a cholecystokinin (CCK)-B receptor (CCKBR) antagonist blocks high-frequency stimulation-induced neocortical LTP, whereas local infusion of CCK induces LTP. CCK−/−mice lacked neocortical LTP and showed deficits in a cue–cue associative learning paradigm; and administration of CCK rescued associative learning deficits. High-frequency stimulation-induced neocortical LTP was completely blocked by either the NMDAR antagonist or the CCKBR antagonist, while application of either NMDA or CCK induced LTP after low-frequency stimulation. In the presence of CCK, LTP was still induced even after blockade of NMDARs. Local application of NMDA induced the release of CCK in the neocortex. These findings suggest that NMDARs control the release of CCK, which enables neocortical LTP and the formation of cue–cue associative memory.

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Response of the diaphragm muscle to electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1983.58.1.0092 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 92-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Thomas E. Ciesielski ◽

Yoshitaka Fukuda ◽

William W. L. Glenn ◽

Jack Gorfien ◽

Kathryn Jeffery ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Phrenic Nerve ◽

High Frequency ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Diaphragm Muscle ◽

Diaphragm Pacing ◽

Frequency Group ◽

Low Frequency Stimulation ◽

Frequency Stimulation

✓ The histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural features of canine diaphragms subjected to pacing by high-frequency electrical stimulation (27 to 33 Hz) of the phrenic nerve are compared with unstimulated diaphragms and with diaphragms subjected to pacing by low-frequency stimulation (11 to 13 Hz). The high-frequency group showed a reduced tidal volume (fatigue) after long-term stimulation, and myopathic changes which included enlarged internal and sarcolemmal nuclei, ring fibers, moth-eaten fibers with irregular histochemical staining, core/targetoid fibers, and smearing and aggregation of Z-band material with electron microscopy. The low-frequency group did not develop a significant degree of fatigue or pathological changes, and showed histochemical evidence of transformation to fast-twitch (type II) fibers. Possible pathogenic mechanisms and their similarity to those in certain human neuromuscular diseases are discussed. The application of the findings resulting from high- and low-frequency stimulation to long-term diaphragm pacing in humans with chronic ventilatory insufficiency is also discussed.

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Effects of changes in dietary fatty acids on isolated skeletal muscle functions in rats

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1996.80.2.464 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 80 (2) ◽

pp. 464-471 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

K. J. Ayre ◽

A. J. Hulbert

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

High Frequency ◽

Relaxation Times ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Dietary Fatty Acids ◽

High Frequency Stimulation ◽

Stock Diet ◽

Deficient Diet ◽

Low Frequency Stimulation ◽

Frequency Stimulation

The effects of manipulating dietary levels of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids on the function of isolated skeletal muscles in male Wistar rats were examined. Three isoenergetic diets were used: an essential fatty acid-deficient diet (EFAD), a diet high in essential (n-6) fatty acids [High (n-6)], and a diet enriched with essential (n-3) fatty acids [High (n-3)]. After 9 wk, groups of rats on each test diet were fed a stock diet of laboratory chow for a further 6 wk. Muscle function was examined by using a battery of five tests for soleus (slow twitch) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL; fast twitch). Tests included single muscle twitches, sustained tetanic contractions, posttetanic potentiation, sustained high-frequency stimulation, and intermittent low-frequency stimulation. Results for muscles from the High (n-6) and High (n-3) groups were very similar. However, the EFAD diet resulted in significantly lower muscular tensions and reduced response times compared with the High (n-6) and High (n-3) diets. Peak twitch tension in soleus muscles was 16-21% less in the EFAD group than in the High (n-6) and High (n-3) groups, respectively [analysis of variance (ANOVA), P < 0.01). During high-frequency stimulation, EDL muscles from the EFAD rats fatigued 32% more quickly (ANOVA, P < 0.01)]. Also, twitch contraction and half-relaxation times were significantly 5-7% reduced in the EFAD group (ANOVA, P < 0.01). During intermittent low-frequency stimulation, soleus muscles from the EFAD group generated 25-28% less tension than did the other groups (ANOVA, P < 0.01), but in EDL muscles from the EFAD group, endurance was 20% greater than in the High (n-6) group (ANOVA, P < 0.05). After 6 wk on the stock diet, there were no longer any differences between the dietary groups. Manipulation of dietary fatty acids results in significant, but reversible, effects in muscles of rats fed an EFAD diet.

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Modulation of synaptic transmission at Ia-afferent connections on motoneurons during high-frequency afferent stimulation: dependence on motor task

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1991.65.6.1313 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 65 (6) ◽

pp. 1313-1320 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

H. R. Koerber ◽

L. M. Mendell

Keyword(s):

High Frequency ◽

Frequency Control ◽

Motor Task ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Medial Gastrocnemius ◽

High Frequency Stimulation ◽

Lateral Gastrocnemius ◽

Low Frequency Stimulation ◽

Frequency Stimulation ◽

Stimulation Of

1. Monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were evoked in medial gastrocnemius motoneurons by maximal group Ia stimulation of the heteronymous lateral gastrocnemius-soleus nerve in anesthetized cats. Three different patterns of high-frequency stimulation were delivered to the nerve, and the EPSPs were averaged in register (1, 2, . . ., n) for each. 2. One pattern ("Burst") consisted of 32 shocks delivered every 2 s at an interstimulus interval of 6 ms (167 Hz). The second pattern ("Stepping") was a frequency-modulated burst of 52 shocks derived from a recording of a spindle during stepping and was delivered every 2 s. The third pattern ("Paw Shake") was from an extensor spindle afferent recorded during rapid paw shake and was delivered in groups of six bursts with an interburst interval of 75 ms and a 3-s pause between groups of six bursts. The EPSPs in each burst were averaged in register (1, 2, . . ., n) so that the relative amplitude of each EPSP in the burst could be ascertained. The EPSP produced by low-frequency stimulation of the nerve (18 Hz) was also recorded for each motoneuron. 3. The initial EPSP in most bursts was larger than the EPSP measured as a result of low-frequency stimulation. This potentiation, defined as the ratio of the amplitude of the initial EPSP of the response to that of the low-frequency control, was found to vary systematically as a function of amplitude of the control EPSP as well as the stimulus paradigm used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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