4. Like Oil and Water, with a Match: Militarized Commerce, Armed Conflict, and Human Security in Sudan

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-107
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Human Security

Anthropology and International Relations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Wehrer
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Anthropological Research ◽  
State Activism

Influenced by similar historical forces and intellectual trends, the fields of anthropology and international relations have begun collaborating in areas such as migration, human security, and non-state activism. One area of potential interest to international relations scholars is archaeologists’ study of the emergence, development, and decline of states. Another area is cultural anthropologists’ study of war, peace, and violence. Both international relations scholars and cultural anthropologists have begun studying non-state actors and globalization, as well as transdisciplinary topics such as gender, human rights, and nationalism. Moreover, international relations research on ethnic conflicts is growing, with many scholars drawing from anthropological works on the link between internal political processes and ethnic violence. Another area in which some international relations scholars and anthropologists have collaborated is human security; increasing numbers of anthropologists are studying cultures undergoing armed conflict. One controversial arena was applied anthropology’s recent involvement in U.S. military efforts in the Middle East. Most anthropologists agree that the use of anthropology for national defense purposes violates anthropology’s code of research ethics. Overall, the field of international relations has shown increasing interest in the question of “culture” and in the qualitative research methods that characterize anthropological research.

scholarly journals The Perils of Power-Sharing: Africa and Beyond

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandra Lekha Sriram ◽  
Marie-Joëlle Zahar
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
International Conflict ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Power Sharing ◽  
Short Term ◽  
State Legitimacy ◽  
Peace Agreements

The purpose of international conflict-resolution efforts is, in the short term, to bring an end to violent armed conflict, and, in the medium to longer term, to prevent the revival of conflict. However, at least one of the mechanisms often utilised in conflict resolution and peace agreements, power-sharing, may not only prove problematic in early negotiation and implementation, but may potentially be at odds with the longer-term goal of preventing resurgence of conflict. Why might this be the case? Longer-term peacebuilding seeks to prevent conflict in part by building strong and sustainable states. Such states should be able to avoid reverting to armed conflict because they would be more responsive to grievances and more effective in dealing with violent dissent. However, power-sharing arrangements may undermine such efforts by placing in power individuals and groups not fully committed to, or unable to take part in, governance for the benefit of the entire populace; in part because it necessarily places in power those who have engaged in significant violence to achieve their ends. This is likely to create less democratic states, although we do not insist that democracy is or should be the only goal of peacebuilders. Rather, we suggest that power-sharing arrangements may tend not only towards undemocratic states, but towards states which are not responsive to the needs of the citizenry for security in ways which may undermine human security and state legitimacy.

scholarly journals ASEAN Mechanism for Human Security Problems in Southeast Asia: What's Wrong?

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 521
Author(s):  
Natalia Yeti Puspita
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Human Security ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Cross National ◽  
National Borders

Since the flow of goods and services begins to cross national borders, threats to human security do not originate solely from war. The era of traditional security has begun to shift towards non-traditional security or human security. In this concept, threats to security are directed directly at humans such as natural disasters, epidemics, drugs and human trafficking, and terrorism. Southeast Asia is the region most vulnerable to natural disasters. Relations between countries in this region are under the auspices of ASEAN. ASEAN Way is an ASEAN mechanism based on the principle of state sovereignty and non-intervention. ASEAN Way and Human Security are two different concepts. The ASEAN mechanism cannot be applied absolutely to overcome natural disasters that are massive, cross-border and occur in areas of armed conflict in Southeast Asia. In this case, it is necessary to broaden understanding of the nature of the principle of state sovereignty and non-intervention.Keywords: ASEAN Mechanism, Human Security, Southeast Asia 

scholarly journals The Vulnerability of the Penis: Sexual Violence against Men in Conflict and Security Frames

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 778-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janine Natalya Clark
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
The Core

Sexual violence remains a persistent scourge of war. The use of sexual violence against men in armed conflict, however, remains underresearched and is often sidelined. As an explanation, this interdisciplinary article situates the issue of sexual violence against men within a new analytical framework. It does so through a focus on the core subtext which this violence reveals—the vulnerability of the penis. Highlighting critical disconnects between what the penis is and what it is constructed as being, it argues that the vulnerable penis destabilizes the edifice of phallocentric masculinity, and hence it has wider security implications. Conflict-related sexual violence has increasingly been securitized within the framework of human security. The concept of human security, however, is deeply gendered and often excludes male victims of sexual violence. This gendering, in turn, reflects a broader gendered relationship between sexual violence and security. Sexual violence against women manifests and reaffirms their long-recognized vulnerability in war. Sexual violence against men, in contrast, exposes the vulnerability of the penis and thus represents a deeper security threat. Fundamentally, preserving the integrity and power of the phallus is critical to the security and integrity of phallocentric masculinity and thus to maintaining a systemic stability that is crucial in situations of war and armed conflict.

Part II Predominant Security Challenges and International Law, Economic and Resource Security, Ch.28 Humanitarian Relief in Situations of Armed Conflict

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillard Emanuela-Chiara ◽  
Weizmann Nathalie
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
International Security ◽  
Human Security ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Humanitarian Relief ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Humanitarian Crises ◽  
Relief Operations

This chapter addresses humanitarian relief in situations of armed conflict. In many modern wars, more civilian deaths and suffering occur as a result of humanitarian crises prompted or exacerbated by the conflicts than from actual hostilities. International humanitarian law (IHL) includes an important body of rules aimed at ensuring that the basic needs of civilians caught up in conflict are met. While these protections can be considered as a manifestation of the ‘freedom from want’ dimension of human security, it is essential to bear in mind that the relevant rules of IHL are well established, binding on States and, in case of non-international armed conflict, also organized armed groups. The chapter outlines the rules of IHL regulating collective humanitarian relief operations, with a particular focus on how they balance the dictates of belligerents’ security interests and civilians’ ‘human security’ needs and entitlements. It then considers one particular way in which a pressing national and international security objective—countering terrorism—interacts with and adversely impacts the capacity of humanitarian actors to operate in a principled manner, and thus impairs the human security of populations in need.

scholarly journals RE-CONCEPTUALISING LEADERSHIP FOR EFFECTIVE PEACEMAKING AND HUMAN SECURITY IN AFRICA

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
'Funmi Olonisakin
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Classroom Setting ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Conflict In Africa ◽  
Leadership Approaches

This article explores the meaning of peace and human security from theperspective of the individual — the presumed referent point of security— and examines responses to armed conflict, a leading source of insecurity for African peoples. It identifies inherent flaws in approaches to conflict in Africa and looks to a different field — that of leadership — for a more effective formula for peacemaking. In the absence of a framework that can effectively end the cycle of conflict relapse in Africa,the paper argues that an alternative framing of leadership is needed; and that alternative leadership approaches to dealing with conflict andinsecurity offer a chance for stable peace and human security. It suggests that an expanded perspective on leadership provides a basis for exploring interventions that can potentially alter peacemaking discourses as well as the terrain in which peacemaking takes place. The article therefore asks what a focus on the individual as the referent point of security means if and when viewed from the perspective of a collection of individuals. In this regard, it presents emerging perspectives from a study of young Africans on leadership programmes in a classroom setting and attempts to extrapolate them to wider societal settings. It then explores how a different perspective of leadership might serve as a facilitator of peace and human security in Africa, drawing examples from past and on-going situations of armed conflict in Africa. 

Humanitarian challenges of urbanization

2010 ◽  
Vol 92 (878) ◽  
pp. 351-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raimond Duijsens
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Security Framework ◽  
Humanitarian Organizations ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
Proactive Role

AbstractMore than one billion people nowadays live as slum-dwellers in informal settlements characterized by vulnerability and poverty. The ‘normal’ situation in slums can, in several ways, be classified as a ‘crisis’, and violence levels often contribute to situations akin to ‘armed conflict’. The plight of these people should be the concern of humanitarian organizations, which should consequently widen their spectrum and address vulnerability to disasters and to violence as mutually reinforcing. Applying the ‘human security’ framework and ‘livelihoods’ approach can enable them to take a proactive role. However, particularly for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, a greater involvement also poses several challenges.

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