Chapter 1. Contested Membership over Time

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Keyword(s):  
Over Time

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Westwood ◽  
Beth Laura O’Leary ◽  
Milford Wayne Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Historic Preservation ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 1 introduces the concepts of “importance” and historic preservation at a high-level and explains the biographies of each of the authors. The included chapter outline also provides an overview of the scope and content of the book. This chapter begins with an overview and definition of human culture, and how it has changed over time. The concepts of archaeology and space archaeology are introduced within the context of place-based historic preservation and Apollo culture.

With All Due Respect

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Brian F. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Communication Strategies ◽  
Public Preferences ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Democratic Ideals ◽  
Lgbt People ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 1 details the psychology and science behind disagreement and attitude entrenchment. It opens with a broad discussion of why divergent views are important for democratic ideals and governance. It underscores the contemporary degree of American public intolerance of difference, one that lacks the motivation (and perhaps the skills) to talk about politics with those with whom it disagrees. Public opinion scholarship shows that on average, public preferences, even on some of the most contentious and hot-button issues, generally do not change quickly over time. There has been uncharacteristic change on attitudes toward LGBT people and rights in a short period of time, however; based on communication strategies and tactics focusing on shared identities, these changes give hope to what seems like immovable political groupthink. The chapter closes with the roadmap of the book so we can all use to start to talk politics with each other like grown-ups again.

Welfare States in the Middle East and North Africa: Puzzles and Answers

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-51
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Eibl
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Regime Formation ◽  
General Terms ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 1 sets out the main empirical puzzles of the book, which are (i) the early divergence of welfare trajectories in the region and (ii) their long persistence over time. Drawing on literature from authoritarianism studies and political economy, it lays out the theoretical argument explaining this empirical pattern by developing a novel analytical framework focused on elite incentives at the moment of regime formation and geostrategic constraints limiting their abilities to provide welfare. It also outlines the author’s explanation for the persistence of social policies over time and broadly describes the three types of welfare regime in the region. It sbows the limitations of existing theories in explaining this divergence and bigbligbts the book’s contribution to the literature. The theoretical argument is stated in general terms and sbould thus be of relevance to political economy and authoritarianism scholars more broadly. The chapter ends with an outline of the chapters to come.

What Are Commitments?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Marin
Keyword(s):  
Personal Relationships ◽  
Close Friendships ◽  
Precise Content ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 1 develops the notion of commitment by uncovering our descriptive and normative understanding of long-term personal relationships such as close friendships and spousal relations. It argues that these relationships are best understood as relationships of obligations that agents develop over time through the accumulated effect of open-ended actions and responses. In commitments agents incur obligations via their voluntary actions but, in contrast to promises, without knowing in advance the precise content of these obligations. Commitments have five features. First, they are made voluntarily. Second, they are developed through an interaction of open-ended action and response. Third, they are endorsed in the course of this interaction. Fourth, commitments are governed by norms that emerge out of the interaction that created them. Fifth, commitments have open-ended obligations.

The Plotinian Heritage of Augustine’s Peregrinatio Image

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Stewart-Kroeker
Keyword(s):  
Over Time

Chapter 1 examines Augustine’s use of the pilgrimage image, which has a Plotinian heritage, to describe his relationship to the Platonists. This also offers a window into his Christological commitments as they develop over time. The varying iterations of the peregrinatio image over the course of his life illustrate the maturation of Augustine’s Christology as well as his shifting purposes in deploying the image. Augustine demonstrates a growing awareness of what his Christology implies for his description of the Platonist and Christian relationship to the final end: the homeland. He also, however, maintains a complex tension between a conception of the final end to some extent shared with the Platonists and a “final end conception” that is necessarily distinct due to his Christology. This chapter traces the maturation of the image’s Christology and Augustine’s self-described relationship to the Platonists.

What Was the Holocaust?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Mastroianni
Keyword(s):  
Short Interval ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Mass Killing ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 1 provides a brief historical summary of the Holocaust, beginning with relevant events in Germany in the years leading up to the initiation of mass killing that accompanied the invasion of Russia in June 1941. While Auschwitz dominates the popular conception of what the Holocaust was, much of the killing was accomplished not with Zyklon B but with bullets and engine exhaust gas, and much of it occurred during the relatively short interval between early 1942 and mid-1943. The Holocaust was a complicated enterprise distributed over time and space that was “more” than it is in the popular mind in almost every way: more than Jews, more than Auschwitz, more than the Gestapo and Schutzstaffel (SS), more than Nazis, more even than Germans.

Corpora and quantitative methods in historical linguistics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gard B. Jenset ◽  
Barbara McGillivray
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Negative Reaction ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
Widespread Adoption ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Held Back

Chapter 3 provides an overview of the use of corpora and quantitative methods in historical linguistics over time. This chapter further substantiates the claims in Chapter 1 regarding the underuse of corpora and quantitative methods in historical linguistics, and traces some of the historical roots of the current situation. The chapter demonstrates that there has been a persistent underrepresentation of quantitative research in historical linguistics, but that various material (lack of cheap and accessible computing power) and conceptual factors (early quantitative methods that provoked a negative reaction) have held back a more widespread adoption of quantitative corpus methods. A number of common counterarguments to the use of quantitative methods are discussed and refuted.

“The Gay M.L.K.”: Harvey Milk

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-46
Author(s):  
Brett Krutzsch
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Gay Rights ◽  
City Council ◽  
Reconstructed Image ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Same Sex Marriage ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Local Politician ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 1 compares Harvey Milk’s archival materials—his personal letters, speeches, and writings—to how gay activists posthumously constructed him into a national emblem for gay rights. The chapter highlights how the AIDS epidemic and the movement for same-sex marriage shaped Milk’s reconstructed image. Chapter 1 also considers how gay activists configured Milk, a Jew who, at times, promoted multi-partner sexual and romantic relationships, to fit within the standards of the Protestant Christian mainstream. In effect, the chapter explores how Milk, a local politician who served only eleven months in a city council position, became, over time, “The Gay M.L.K.”

Entropy Law, Social Sustainability, and Development Policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-41
Author(s):  
Ramprasad Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Social Sustainability ◽  
Development Economic ◽  
Social Investment ◽  
Short History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 1 introduces the concept and intuitive explanation of entropy law and shows how it plays a unifying role in the sustainability of the processes of development—economic, social, and environmental. It points out that the speed of extraction of resources and their uses in the finite planetary ecosystem have become unsustainable today. This is due to the speed of extraction exceeding the capacity of resource regeneration as well as the absorption of waste generated from the extraction and usage of resources, resulting in a state of increasing disorder. The chapter further points out that the combining of social and environmental sustainability with the process of economic growth would require the development of a social investment perspective for the economy along the lines of welfare statism. Thus it outlines a short history of welfare statism since the days of the Swedish welfare state in the last century in order to understand the changing compulsions of sustainability over time.

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