Paradise and the Cave

2018 ◽  
pp. 129-159
Author(s):  
David Satran
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Effective Model ◽  
Classical Rhetoric ◽  
Prodigal Son ◽  
Leave Taking

This chapter analyzes the final section of the Thanksgiving Address, an elaborate assembly of scriptural examples—the expulsion of Adam from Eden, Abraham’s departure from his homeland, the parable of the prodigal son, the Babylonian captivity of the Jews—which the author marshals in order to lament his own departure from his studies with Origen. The passage is not easily coordinated with the classical rhetoric of leave-taking—as described by Menander of Laodicaea and exemplified in an oration by the fourth-century bishop Gregory of Nazianzen—but may be closer to a form of rabbinic homiletics. Especially pronounced is the reversal of both classical and scriptural structures and the lack of clarity surrounding the necessity of departure. It is suggested that the Plato’s Republic and the necessity of the guardians to return to the cave, thus retracing their philosophical ascent, might have provided the effective model. Origen’s own writings are examined in order to bolster the hypothesis.

Prehistoric and early historic settlement in the Ziros region, eastern Crete

1998 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 23-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Branigan
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Human Settlement ◽  
Data Manipulation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Pottery Analysis ◽  
Historic Settlement

The paper presents the results of an intensive survey of two upland basins in eastern Crete. Following a description of the geology and topography of the area, the methods of survey, data manipulation, and pottery analysis are described. There follow catalogues of ceramic type fabrics and other finds. The results of the survey are then presented in three chronological phases (Neolithic, Bronze Age, Graeco-Roman), interpretations are suggested, and a final section provides an overview of the development of human settlement in the region. It is suggested that initial colonisation took place in the Final Neolithic but was short-lived. The basins were only reoccupied during the Protopalatial period, when both nucleated and dispersed settlements were occupied. There is no certain evidence for continued occupation after LM IIIA and the third phase of occupation did not begin until the fourth century BC. Hellenistic and Roman occupation in both nucleated settlements and farmsteads seems to have prospered over a period of eight or nine centuries.

Change and continuity at the intersection of received history and the material record during the Warring States Period

2020 ◽  
pp. 622-636
Author(s):  
Charles Sanft
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Warring States Period ◽  
Household Registration ◽  
Population Statistics ◽  
Warring States ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Material Record

This chapter concentrates on archaeologically recovered paleographic and material culture remaining from the pre-imperial and early imperial periods in China. One part of the chapter treats capitals and the settlements and cities that preceded them. Another section considers the systems of household registration that, beginning circa fourth century bce, created and maintained records of the population. Those records allowed officials to keep track of population statistics. Another section looks at the information we have about practices connected with oaths and covenants. Whether between states or within polities and groups, oaths and covenants were an important means of affirming agreement and creating cohesion. The final section concerns tallies, which archaeologists have recovered in various forms. Tallies were a way of proving authority and establishing trust and are known from examples in shapes ranging from tigers and dragons to bamboo.

Revelation and Trinity

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-138
Author(s):  
Matthew Levering
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Trinity

The purpose of this chapter is to reflect upon the Trinity’s revelation of the Trinity, since only God can reveal God. It turns first to the scriptural testimony (specifically the Gospels of Matthew and John) and asks whether this testimony warrants Trinitarian faith. It then addresses the problem that if the Gospels warrant Trinitarian faith, how is it that the Church in the fourth century almost rejected the truth of the Trinity? After arguing that the pro-Trinitarian Fathers were correct in their claims about the scriptural testimony, the final section turns to the revelatory power of Scripture and the development of doctrine in the Church, in light of historical-critical exegesis.

The Chorus in New Tragedy

2019 ◽  
pp. 51-82
Author(s):  
Lucy C. M. M. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Dramatic Structure ◽  
Dramatic Activity ◽  
Poetic Composition

This chapter brings together known and possible fourth-century choral tragic texts, analysing and evaluating the chorus’ dramatic activity in the later Classical period. Beginning with the Rhesus once attributed to Euripides, it examines the innovations and dramatic potential of this tragedy’s chorus in performance. In particular it highlights the unique instances of a fragmented choral voice, a striking independence in the chorus’ character, and the use of separated strophic pairs for dramatic structure. There follows an evaluation of the possible fragments of fourth-century tragic choral speech or song, and closer consideration of three such fragments all incidentally linked to the tragedian Astydamas. In these fragments the chapter views further signs of activity, choral interaction with actors, and literary play. A final section introduces a comparison with lyric poetic composition in the fourth century, taking Philodamus’ Paean to Dionysus as an illuminating example of sophisticated and potent choral performance in the fourth century.

The Sign of the Cross in Late Antiquity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ildar Garipzanov
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Imperial Culture ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Roman Culture ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Christian Discourse ◽  
Ritual Practices ◽  
Late Roman

The first section provides a synopsis of early Christian discourse on the symbolism of the cross, and emphasizes the importance of the emergence and the dissemination of the cult of the Holy Cross for the increasing public profile of the cross sign in late Roman culture from the mid-fourth century onwards. The second section overviews the appropriation of this sign by Theodosian empresses and emperors as a major imperial symbol of authority, and its rise to paramount importance for imperial culture in the course of the fifth and sixth centuries. The final section underscores beliefs in the apotropaic power of the sign of the cross as an important factor contributing to its growing popularity in late antiquity. It also points out that in this function the sign of the cross was similar to other apotropaic devices, alongside which this sign was often employed in textual amulets and ritual practices.

MARS — Its Tenth Anniversary of Operation and its Future

1980 ◽  
Vol 19 (03) ◽  
pp. 125-132
Author(s):  
G. S. Lodwick ◽  
C. R. Wickizer ◽  
E. Dickhaus
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Administrative Support ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Computer Scientist ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Complete Bibliography ◽  
The University ◽  
Economic Considerations

The Missouri Automated Radiology System recently passed its tenth year of clinical operation at the University of Missouri. This article presents the views of a radiologist who has been instrumental in the conceptual development and administrative support of MARS for most of this period, an economist who evaluated MARS from 1972 to 1974 as part of her doctoral dissertation, and a computer scientist who has worked for two years in the development of a Standard MUMPS version of MARS. The first section provides a historical perspective. The second deals with economic considerations of the present MARS system, and suggests those improvements which offer the greatest economic benefits. The final section discusses the new approaches employed in the latest version of MARS, as well as areas for further application in the overall radiology and hospital environment. A complete bibliography on MARS is provided for further reading.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Short Note ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
Early Settlement ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Initial Research

The chapters in this collection explore the everyday lives, experiences, practices and attitudes of Muslims in Scotland. In order to set the context for these chapters, in this introduction I explore the early settlement of Muslims in Scotland and discuss some of the initial research projects that charted the settlement of Asians and Pakistanis in Scotland’s main cities. I then discuss the current situation for Muslims in Scotland through data from the 2011 Scottish Census. Following a short note about the significance of the Scottish context, in the final section, the main themes and issues that have been explored in research about Muslims in Scotland.

The Foundation of St Andrews Cathedral Priory, 1140.

2005 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. M. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Serious Illness ◽  
Marian Devotion

The hitherto accepted date of the priory's foundation, 1144, was copied on the bishop's diploma from the bull of Lucius II, and is impossible; Bower's 1140 is to be preferred. The foundation narrative (FN) probably by Robert, the first prior, ascribes to a Pictish king the grant to St Andrew of the Boar's Raik, but that was ignored by Wyntoun and Bower and is probably wrong. It seems that Alexander I made this gift, renegued on it, and restored it towards the end of his life. Though intended to found an Augustinian priory, the Raik was kept by the bishop until in 1138-9 David I obtained from Nostell a prior, Robert; Robert was unable to advance the foundation through his reluctance to recruit canons from elsewhere, perhaps resisting Scone and/or Holyrood. He and clerics of his resided in a ‘parsonage’, the vacant house of one of the seven ‘parsons’ who represented the earliest clerics of St Andrews, and are uniquely described in FN; they developed the hospital. In 1140 David I and Earl Henry at St Andrews compelled the bishop to disgorge the Raik and thereby establish the priory. The date was probably St Andrew's day, 1140, a month after the foundation of the abbey of St Mary at Newbattle. Both foundations should be seen as thanksgiving for Henry's recovery from serious illness. A narrower dating is suggested for some St Andrews charters, the endowments showing a closer relationship with those of Holyrood abbey than with those of Scone priory. Prior Robert probably wished from the beginning to recruit the céli Dé (Culdees) as canons and to obtain their endowments, succeeding at Lochleven but, despite papal and royal approval, failing at St Andrews. A final section asks why David I was so generous to the regular orders, suggesting that he was much influenced by the development of Marian devotion in his lifetime, when the Virgin had become head and most powerful of the hierarchy of saints.

Public Hearings about Same-Sex Marriage

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Tracy
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Democratic Process ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Same Sex Marriage ◽  
Public Hearings ◽  
Context Features

This study analyzes public hearings about same-sex marriage to show how the contexts that are established for citizens' and legislators' talk make arguments about the issue being disputed. Situated within the traditions of argument studies and discourse analysis, the article explores different meanings of “context.” The study evidences how two sets of context features created positive (or negative) stances toward the issue of same-sex marriage, and shows that how the controversy was formulated and how participation was designed gave distinct advantages to speakers advocating for (or against) same-sex marriage. The final section draws out implications of these legislative choices for citizen presenters and for the officials themselves as the enactors and guardians of democratic process.

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