Urbanization and the lost of river activity on Malay human settlement

Malaysia, as any other country, is constantly evolving in all facets of life, including architecture, economy, and culture. Despite that, the Malay settlement on the River's fringe remains an early settlement due to the Malays' strong connections to agriculture and socio-culture. The Malay's brilliance in establishing settlements on the river's fringe is among the leading reasons for this community's glorious history in the maritime world. However, today's shift in river activity has eroded the strong bond in Malay settlement. Therefore, affecting the Malay settlements, which have a significant impact on their economic growth. The research methodology employs previous researchers' exploratory techniques focusing on the effects of urbanization, as well as socioeconomic data from 350 local respondents collected during the field survey in April 2019, and observation analysis information commonly used by architects to evaluate the context of the discussion. These include physical, social, cultural, and public amenities, and the data gathered then was amalgamated using IBM SPSS V26, supplemented by interview techniques and pictorial documentation. Mapping techniques are being used to generate existing settlements patterns by utilizing the Google Earth software. Finally, AutoCAD 2018 software is used to demonstrate the current settlement pattern in the case study situation. According to the results of the study, the pace of urbanization is speeding up and creeping into the Malay settlements. The destruction of river activities in order to change Malay settlement patterns and force them to follow or reject the current trend of urbanization.

THE EARLY HORIZON OF THE KUSHMANSKOE (UCHKAKAR) FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT, IX-XII CENTURIES

The article considers the early chronological horizon of one of the key archaeological sites of the Chepetskaya archaeological culture - the Kushmanskoe (Uchkakar) fortified settlement. The paper highlights the issues of the features of the occupation layer of the early settlement, its dating, the characteristics of the identified structures and the material culture are given. The early medieval settlement on the territory of the Kushmanskoe (Uchkakar) fortified settlement was limited by defensive structures consisting of a wood-earth bank and a ditch. They defended a settlement with an area of 6-10 thousand sq. m. The occupation layer of the early settlement had a small thickness of 0.2 m. Several structures were identified in it and investigated by excavation, two of which are the remains of ground buildings, another is a stone laying of an unclear purpose. The material culture of the early horizon allows us to determine the time of the existence of an early settlement within the IX-X centuries. It ceased to exist after the destruction of defensive structures, the ruins of which partially blocked the occupation layer of the early settlement. The cultural layer of the late chronological horizon on this site of the settlement was formed already on the surface of the ruins of defensive structures of the early period. A small area of the early settlement, defensive structures, features of its occupation layer allow us to hypothesize: it was a refuge for people of another nearby fortified settlement - Kushmanskoe III settlement.

Prepayment rebate in Islamic microfinance cost-plus sale: a descending rebate proposed approach

Purpose This paper aims to propose an Islamic compliant approach that deals with the prepayment rebate on debts resulting from cost-plus sales and their accompanied sale-based financing contracts. The proposed approach uses the time value of money concept without charging excessive fees from the debtor in the early settlement of debts. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses a qualitative analysis via analyzing and reviewing relevant literature. A quantitative analysis is subsequently used with a proposed computation that addresses prepayment rebate accompanied by debts resulting from cost-plus sales. Findings The proposed approach results in a rebate amount for the debtor greater than those rebate amounts resulting from either conventional finance techniques or current Islamic finance practices. Research limitations/implications The application of the descending rebate proposed computation in this paper is restricted to cost-plus sale and their accompanied sale-based financing contracts only. The computation does not address any agreement or deal that may involve a rebate without a selling transaction. Originality/value The paper criticizes the prevailing practices for computing rebates in the case of debt prepayment, whether those nominated by conventional finance or others currently employed by most Islamic financial institutions. The paper also introduces a new rebate computation aimed to comply with Islamic finance's real context.

Konsep Feng Sui pada Tata Ruang Hunian Komunitas Cina Hakka di Kelurahan Lumut, Kecamatan Belinyu, Kabupaten Bangka

This article discusses the early settlement of Chinese Hakka communities in the context of the colonial mining industry both micro, meso and macro in the Chinese community living in Lumut village, Belinyu district, Bangka region, in Bangka Province Belitung. The problem to be solved was about the patterns in the old houses in Lumut village, and various possibilities of indications of the concept of Chinese geomancy applied in the pattern of the three hamlets in the village of Lumut. This study uses reason for thinking from views on landscapes in the understanding of post-processual flows. In this understanding, there was a concept of "taskscape" proposed by Ingold, which essentially is the concept which underlies the various uniqueness of living space inhabited by humans. The results showed that the concept of Fengshui which was seemed to have been lost in fact was not abandoned but rather it changed. The change in the way of this community is to interpret the source of energy ch'i as their main goal in implementing the concept of Fengshui.

10. Alternative Dispute Resolution

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR), particularly mediation, plays a key role in reducing the costs of civil disputes by fomenting the early settlement of cases. This chapter discusses ADR processes; advantages or disadvantages of ADR and litigation; the cost of ADR; reference to ADR; and court involvement in ADR. Adjudicative ADR results in the third party neutral deciding the dispute or difference between the parties. Non-adjudicative ADR processes involve moving the parties towards reaching a compromise agreement between themselves. Rules of court require parties to consider using ADR. Sanctions may be imposed on parties who act unreasonably.

Numerical Model of Leachate Recirculation in Bioreactor Landfills with High Kitchen Waste Content

Surface spraying, horizontal trenches, and vertical wells are the most common leachate recirculation system used at landfills in engineering practice. In order to quantify the efficiency of the three aforementioned recirculation systems, a hydro–biochem–mechanical-coupled model was developed in the present work, which can describe hydrodynamic and biochemical behaviors in food-waste-rich landfills. A typical landfill cell was modeled in COMSOL. The results indicate that leachate recirculation can accelerate the decomposition of municipal solid waste (MSW) with food-rich waste content, relieving acidification, improving gas generation efficiency, and consequently, increasing the early settlement in landfills.

Challenges in currency derivatives management in the OTC market in Poland during the Covid-19 pandemic

Purpose: The aim of the chapter is to analyze the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and market volatility increase on risk management in the OTC derivatives market in Poland. Design/methodology/approach: The chapter describes the legal background of derivatives trading with non-financial enterprises, then identifies the main risks, and discusses possible actions of market participants. In this regard, the study conducts volatility analysis based on selected market data. Findings: Due to volatility increase and the resulting negative valuation of non-matured currency derivatives by Polish exporters, margin call clauses were triggered, entailing the need to post additional collateral or prematurely close contracts. The described situation is particularly difficult when the pre-settlement limit is fully utilized on deal date, usually in the case of long-lasting large open exposures in non-flexible transactions. Research implications: To determine market risk, studies often apply the VaR approach. Inthis way, the specific amount of risk is analyzed on adaily basis and used by banks both to determine the maximum amount of the contract and to control pre-settlement risk. Apart from many advantages of the VaR approach, there are some drawbacks, especially related to volatility estimation, which usually relies on historical market fluctuations. It may cause that the risk will not be properly valued under crisis conditions. In such situations, supplementary methods should be also implemented (stresstests). Practical implications: Under high market volatility, preventive actions should be prepared in advance, including treasury limit increase, additional funds for collaterals, or contracts modification (flexible products should be considered).Originality and value: The study covers a challenge that banks face, which is rarely described in professional literature but very serious for bank management. Under normal market conditions, if the margin call clause appears and no additional collateral is posted, the transaction should be closed to limit the counterparty’s loss. However, this type of action during the pandemic may impose the risk of force majeure. From the company perspective, using such instruments threatens their early settlement and the need to finance closeout amount.

Mediation in Public Law of Great Britain

Mediation as one of alternative dispute resolution means has been successfully applied in the civil relationship sphere in Great Britain for a long time, for example, in cases on protection of consumer rights or cases involving commercial activities. Mediation is not an obligatory condition for addressing a court, refusal from mediation may lead to negative consequences for the parties in the legal expense distribution. Courts are constantly emphasizing their interest in early settlement of disputes including public law ones that are reviewed in the judicial review procedure: the jurisdiction specifically designed for the verification of legality of actions and judgments of the public government.

Land use in a Subcarpathian Depression – Sălătrucel commune, Vâlcea County

The use of the lands from Sălătrucel Commune located in the Jiblea – Berslăvești Depression, at the contact between the Southern Carpathians – Cozia Massif and the Vâlcea Subcarpathians, bears the characteristics of the physical-geographical particularities, especially those of the relief configuration with the specific lithological structure. The Jiblea – Berislăvești Depression was a favourable geographical area for early settlement, which also attracted important changes in the natural landscape reflected in the current structure of land use