"Trespasser mesure": Meter in Machaut's Polyphonic Songs

Comments by Jacques de Lige suggest that Ars nova notation operated metrically at more than one rhythmic level. This is borne out by Machaut's compositions, the lais in particular. Inconsistencies within and between the two complete editions of Machaut's works in the reductions of note-values used for transcription indicate that the matter has not been fully resolved; uncertainty concerning metrical level in the polyphonic songs is evident in the different barrings of modus-level rhythmic organization. The system of 12 "modes" (mensural types) in the Compendium de discantu mensurabili by Petrus frater dictus Palma Ociosa reveals that meters centering on both "modus" and "tempus" levels were equally part of polyphonic practice in the mid 1330s. Editors have been wary of recognizing the modus level in Machaut's polyphonic songs because of the frequent irregularities in metrical grouping at this level; yet variation in modus is acknowledged by the Ars nova treatises. A full re-evaluation of the presence of modus in Machaut's songs is warranted. Coordinated analysis of rhythmic "layers" (figural grouping, agogic accent, simultaneous attack, and syllabic rhythm) in two ballades (B35 and B25) justifies the irregular modus recognized by both editions and points to an important distinction between mensuration (pertaining to the notation) and meter (pertaining to the rhythmic organization). Figural disposition, varied recurrence of material, and syllabic rhythm provide other criteria for recognizing variable metrical form. A full-scale analysis on these terms reveals the extent and nature of Machaut's use of modus. His technique of metrical variation conforms to four types (phrasal "distension" and "contraction"; cadential "contraction" and "extension"), and ties in with a 14th-century aesthetic viewpoint that attached great significance to "variety." Machaut himself recognized it as a musical corollary of the amorous condition in lyric song ("trespasser mesure," Motet 7). Reassessment of the modus level has consequences for the editorial approach to notae finales, sectional rests, and also for the choice of tempo in performance.

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A new perspective on hanzi: Based upon  the multi-dialectical analysis of the Four  Ways of Writing

Journal of Chinese Writing Systems ◽

10.1177/2513850221991695 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 15-30

Author(s):

Guk-jo Jeon

Keyword(s):

Analytical Framework ◽

Full Scale ◽

Scale Analysis ◽

Human Beings ◽

Academic Identities ◽

Dialectical Relationship ◽

New Perspective ◽

Dialectical Analysis

This work is, most of all, designed to wrestle with taken-for-granted explanations as to how hanzi is composed and in what ways the composition the Four Ways of Writing (四書) can be analysed. Beginning with posing a self-reflective question on the academic identities of us, the hanzi civilisation researchers, and looking for a possible answer to it within the context of an Eagletonian conceptualisation of human animality or creatureliness, the work then methodologises the multi-dialectical analysis by virtue of méta-linguistique, transduction, and abstraction concreté. The full-scale analysis of the Four Ways of Writing comes next, taking four steps: first, synthesising the existing definitions, explanations and interpretations of them; second, abstracting the synthesis up to the multi-dialectical analysis; third, introducing a topology of the Four Ways of Writing; and fourth, analysing characters related to and expanding from two radical characters of 門 and 刀 with the aid of a dynamics of trialectics between the form, sound and meaning. Resting upon all the analyses performed, the work suggests the following conclusion. Amongst hanzi’s main characteristics is morphographicality (表形性), still the most distinctive within the analytical framework of the Four Ways of Writing. It is the very form of hanzi, as a matter of fact, that also turns out to be multi-dialectical: first, that which constitutes writing as the character trialectically related with both the sound and meaning; second, that which characterises writing as écriture of the dialectical relationship between human beings and nature; and last, that which dialectically elucidates who we are and what we are capable of.

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Full scale analysis of FRP strengthened plates with irregular layouts

International Journal of Mechanical Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2016.04.012 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 113 ◽

pp. 239-259 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Shai Feldfogel ◽

Oded Rabinovitch

Keyword(s):

Full Scale ◽

Scale Analysis

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Full scale analysis of the response of an elastic ship panel excited by turbulent boundary layers

Noise Control Engineering Journal ◽

10.3397/1.3140397 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 179 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elena Ciappi ◽

Francesca Magionesi

Keyword(s):

Boundary Layers ◽

Turbulent Boundary Layers ◽

Full Scale ◽

Scale Analysis

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Lung cancer in young adults aged 35 years or younger: A full-scale analysis and review

Journal of Cancer ◽

10.7150/jca.27490 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (15) ◽

pp. 3553-3559 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Bailong Liu ◽

Xiaoyue Quan ◽

Changgen Xu ◽

Jincai Lv ◽

Cheng Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Young Adults ◽

Full Scale ◽

Scale Analysis

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Dynamics and efficiency of photoswitching in biliverdin-binding phytochromes

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences ◽

10.1039/c9pp00264b ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 2484-2496 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Eleonora Consiglieri ◽

Alexander Gutt ◽

Wolfgang Gärtner ◽

Luiz Schubert ◽

Cristiano Viappiani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Scale ◽

Full Scale ◽

Scale Analysis ◽

Millisecond Time Scale ◽

Kinetic Processes

A full scale analysis of the kinetic processes in the μ-to-millisecond time scale for red-and far red-triggered processes in biliverdin-binding bacterial and fungal phytochromes.

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FromJus ad BellumtoJus ad Vim: Recalibrating Our Understanding of the Moral Use of Force

Ethics & International Affairs ◽

10.1017/s0892679412000792 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 87-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Daniel Brunstetter ◽

Megan Braun

Keyword(s):

International Law ◽

Common Sense ◽

Large Scale ◽

Use Of Force ◽

Full Scale ◽

The Other ◽

Ethical Framework ◽

Michael Walzer ◽

Important Distinction ◽

The One

In the preface of the 2006 edition ofJust and Unjust Wars, Michael Walzer makes an important distinction between, on the one hand, “measures short of war,” such as imposing no-fly zones, pinpoint air/missile strikes, and CIA operations, and on the other, “actual warfare,” typified by a ground invasion or a large-scale bombing campaign. Even if the former are, technically speaking, acts of war according to international law, he proffers that “it is common sense to recognize that they are very different from war.” While they all involve “the use of force,” Walzer distinguishes between the level of force used: the former, being more limited in scope, lack the “unpredictable and often catastrophic consequences” of a “full-scale attack.” Walzer calls the ethical framework governing these measuresjus ad vim(the just use of force), and he applies it to state-sponsored uses of force against both state and nonstate actors outside a state's territory that fall short of the quantum and duration associated with traditional warfare. Compared to acts of war,jus ad vimactions present diminished risk to one's own troops, have a destructive outcome that is more predictable and smaller in scale, severely curtail the risk of civilian casualties, and entail a lower economic and military burden. These factors makejus ad vimactions nominally easier for statesmen to justify compared to conventional warfare, though this does not necessarily mean these actions are morally legitimate or that they do not have potentially nefarious consequences.

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