DA IMPOSSIBILIDADE DE UMA EDUCAÇÃO TOLERANTE

O texto, neste artigo, trata de uma educação para tolerância, desenvolvida numa sociedade liberal. Entretanto, a assertiva a qual chegamos é a da impossibilidade desta tolerância, sob esse tipo de sociedade. Para tal constatação, realizamos uma investigação a respeito do conceito de tolerância talhado por Voltaire e Locke. Acompanhamos, ainda, a escuta deste conceito, em outras referências, agora contemporâneas. Assim, construímos dois quadros teóricos a partir de duas fontes seguras acerca do tema. Para a primeira delas, consideramos o livro Da Tolerância, de Michael Walzer (1999). Sobre a segunda, investigamos o livro Two Faces of Liberalism, de John Gray (2000). O primeiro livro finaliza o século XX e o segundo inicia o século XXI, dois momentos históricos importantes, o fim e o começo de séculos, para pensar um conceito cujas forças epistemológicas e ética podem ser observadas em tempos de diferenças brutais, pujantes nas sociedades, de modo particular na educação, na política e na filosofia.

Justiça de Gênero

Este estudo analisa a justiça de gênero, segundo a proposta da igualdade complexa e esferas da justiça de Michael Walzer. O objetivo é identificar, nos fundamentos e significados da justiça de gênero, possibilidades de estabelecer critérios básicos de conexão com a teoria da igualdade complexa e esferas da justiça. O pressuposto do estudo é que não pode haver um critério de igualdade e justiça universalizantes para todas as esferas da vida social entre homens e mulheres. A pesquisa seguiu a metodologia qualitativa bibliográfica em livros e artigos científicos. A abordagem de análise crítica considera a teoria crítica feminista ao direito. Identificou-se aproximações em concepções centrais entre essas duas ideias de justiça quanto às noções de: igualdade, diferença, domínio, poder, justiça, distribuição e reconhecimento. A teoria da igualdade complexa e esferas da justiça apresenta contribuições para o conhecimento sobre justiça de gênero, uma vez que expõe temáticas de grande importância em relação a diferença, bens sociais e dominação. As duas noções de justiça compartilham preocupações e convicções importantes para vincular diferenças, bens sociais e igualdade.

The Ethics of Liberal Peacebuilding

This chapter explores the normative underpinnings of the scholarly debate on liberal peacebuilding and situates them within international ethics. The debate is relevant for the ethics of global governance more broadly by addressing a theoretical gray zone between the ethics of international intervention and state sovereignty. The chapter argues that instead of rejecting the liberal internationalist objectives of peacebuilding, the critics tend to deny the coherence of liberal peacebuilding with these objectives. This is exemplified by relating the critique to the prevalent positions of John Rawls, Michael Walzer, and Simon Caney in international ethics. The critique challenges descriptive presuppositions of these positions by drawing on critical, poststructural, and postcolonial perspectives.

Politics, Ethics, and History in Just War

The just war tradition can be used to ‘justify’ violence rather than limit it. If the tradition is understood as essentially a political rather than an ethical theory, one that requires consideration of questions about authority and justice as much as intentionality and proportionality, this enabling function might be limited. One important way to spell out the politics involved in the just war tradition is to focus on history and the function of historical examples drawn upon by theorists who write on war and peace. In this chapter, Anthony F Lang, Jr discusses how three theorists of just war—Hugo Grotius, Michael Walzer, and Cécile Fabre—use history in their evaluative work. Lang, Jr confronts these texts with postcolonial and feminist approaches as alternative ways to employ history in passing judgments on the use of collective force.

The Pedagogy of Asylum as a Utopia of Hospitality. A Review of Basic Assumptions

This paper aims at the presentation of ethical and political grounds of the pedagogy of asylum, which, in its assumptions, refers to concepts of such thinkers as Emmanuel Levinas, Erich Fromm, George Steiner, Hannah Arendt, Michael Walzer, Avishai Margalit, Jacques Derrida and Janusz Korczak.Utopia of hospitality, presented in its basic assumptions, constitutes a look at the social life, life of individuals and communities, as concentrated in asylums, while its author thinks that it forms an answer to modern challenges to Western democracies, education and politics in the "Age of Migration".

Postsäkulare Politik?

Diskursive Verschiebungen und historische Erfahrungen in der Debatte um die jüdische Emanzipation. Können die Ansprüche religiöser Gemeinschaften auf Weltdeutung und Gestaltung der politischen Ordnung heute noch legitim sein? Lassen sich religiöses Gesetz und bürgerliche Rechtsordnung miteinander vereinbaren? Diese Themenkreise, die häufig mit Blick auf den politischen Islam diskutiert werden, haben eine lange Geschichte. Bereits die Debatten um die Emanzipation der Juden im 19. Jahrhundert waren von der Frage geprägt, unter welchen Bedingungen die volle bürgerliche Gleichstellung gewährt werden solle. Der Sammelband verleiht der anhaltenden Diskussion um das Verhältnis von Staat und Religion, von universeller Emanzipation und partikularer Zugehörigkeit die dringend benötigte historische und philosophische Tiefenschärfe. Aus dem Inhalt: - Micha Brumlik: Karl Marx` Kritik an Bruno Bauer - Ein Fall von Antisemitismus? - Irmela von der Lühe: Verstehen und Politik - Hannah Arendts Auseinandersetzung mit Emanzipation und jüdischer Erfahrung - Michael Walzer: Säkularismus nochmals überdacht - Rahel Jaeggi: Was ist Emanzipation? Ein Rückblick

Relacja prawa i moralności z prawnego punktu widzenia. Moralność partykularna a moralność kooperatywna

This article describes the relation between law and morality when applied to solving legal problems. The relation in question is not understood solely as a conflict between law and morality which implies a need to decide in favour of one or the other. Indeed, moral substance of law make references to morality not only possible but necessary. The limit for those references is established by the principle of equality before the law. Moreover, an internal diversification of morality is analyzed. Some part of it needs to be secured by law, which in itself does not harm the social or individual identity, that is, public and private morality is distinguished, then minimal and maximal morality – concepts proposed by Michael Walzer. This idea, approached from a legal point of view, leads to the formulation of what seems the best-founded proposal: particular and cooperative morality.