scholarly journals Hijacking Sorrow, Joy, Pleasure and Reward: A Philosophical Interpretive Framework for the Theory of Alcohol Addiction

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-136
Author(s):  
Valery Yevarouski
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Misuse ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Alcohol Addiction ◽  
Behavioral Activity ◽  
English Only ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Philosophical Interpretation ◽  
Rational Choice Model ◽  
Broad Interpretation ◽  
System Disorder

[full article, abstract in English; only abstract in Lithuanian] This article offers a philosophical interpretation of the key concepts of alcohol addiction in neuroscience (the anhedonia hypothesis, the want-like system, the incentive salience hypothesis) and psychology (the rational choice model). A comprehensive, transdisciplinary review of the theories of alcohol addiction is performed and their applications to the treatment and recovery processes are discussed. As a core component, we reconstruct the experience to become habitual during subsequent alcohol misuse. As a result, the article proposes a philosophical theory for the broad interpretation of the concept of addiction as a reward system disorder with an application for cognitive and behavioral activity.

Populism and the rational choice model: The case of the French National Front

2021 ◽  
pp. 104346312199596
Author(s):  
François Facchini ◽  
Louis Jaeck
Keyword(s):  
Political Party ◽  
General Model ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Utility Model ◽  
National Front ◽  
General Process ◽  
Expressive Voting ◽  
Rational Choice Model ◽  
Political Norms

This article proposes a general model of partisan political dealignment based on the theory of expressive voting. It is based on the Riker and Odershook equation. Voters cast a ballot for a political party if the utility associated with expressing their support for it is more than their expressive costs. Expressive utility is modeled here as a certain utility model. Then, the model is applied to the rise of voting support in favor of French right-wing populists, the National Front (FN). We show that the fall of justification costs of FN ideology along with the decline in stigmatization costs of voting in favor of the extreme right has fostered the popularity of this party. Political dealignment here is only a particular case of a general process of political norms transgression inherited by each voter.

Regulating Crime: The Birth of the Idea, Its Nurture, and the Implications for Contemporary Criminology

2018 ◽  
Vol 679 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald V. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Dominant Model ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
Rational Choice Model ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Management Changes

This volume’s contention that regulations have a powerful role in crime control contradicts the prevailing positivism of criminology—that is, the contention that criminality is largely explained by criminals’ past experiences. This article draws upon recent critiques of positivism and explains the implications for contemporary criminology. It begins by describing the ideas of a London magistrate, Patrick Colquhoun, about the determinants of crime and the best means of its control. Colquhoun’s writings were the first developed discussion of regulating crime, but they were soon eclipsed by positivist thinking. I list numerous weakness of positivism and argue that, instead of seeing offenders’ behavior as determined by their past, greater account should be taken of the situational inducements and opportunities to commit crime that they encounter in their everyday lives. Instead of positivism, the dominant model of criminology and crime control should be a neoclassicist, bounded rational choice model, which would introduce situational design and management changes to restrict offenders choices and modify behavior. That change in orientation would open limitless opportunities for criminologists.

Normative Judgment, Realism, and International Law

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-85
Author(s):  
Carmen E. Pavel
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Actor Model ◽  
Normative Judgment ◽  
Moral Ideal ◽  
State Behavior ◽  
Rational Choice Model ◽  
Bilateral Treaties

A strand of thought within international relations realism claims that international law, understood as the dense network of multilateral and bilateral treaties, customary law, and institutions tasked with interpreting and applying them, cannot have meaningfully legal authority. This chapter traces the genealogy of the realist take on international law to a problematic use of the rational choice model for state behavior. Namely, realists derive skeptical positions about the authority and value of international law by using the rational choice model applied to states prescriptively rather than merely descriptively. With parsimonious assumptions about instrumental rationality, preferences, and choice situations, realists have put the model to good use to explain state action in the context of international politics. But they go much further, by taking the rational actor model to articulate an implicit moral ideal for states.

Curricular Choice: A Test of a Rational Choice Model of Education

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Gabay-Egozi ◽  
Y. Shavit ◽  
M. Yaish
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Rational Choice Model ◽  
Curricular Choice

The Causes and Consequences of Terrorism in Africa

2014 ◽  
pp. 723-738
Author(s):  
Juliet U. Elu ◽  
Gregory N. Price
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rational Choice Model ◽  
Economic Good ◽  
Counterterrorism Policy

African countries have experienced relatively high levels of terrorism. Terrorism has been linked to the theory of deprivation, but the extent to which terrorism is an economic good can be explained using a rational choice model of economic agents. Terrorism is also possibly motivated largely by existential other-worldly goals. If terrorism reflects a solution to a problem with identifiable costs and benefits that accord with the behavior assumed in economic theory, then it may be possible to contain terrorism by altering those costs and benefits. Terrorism as a manifestation of conflict could be a historically persistent phenomena with roots in the past. This chapter examines the causes and consequences of terrorism in Africa, and considers the extent to which existing evidence rationalizes the various explanations for it, and its implications for counterterrorism policy in Africa.

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