Heritage of Tradition from Avesto: Philosophical Analysis

The article analyzes the heritage of Avesto from a philosophical point of view and gives a philosophical interpretation of the role of myths. At the same time, special attention is paid to the perception of the structure of the world. The ideas and philosophy of Avesto that have come down to us show that our ancestors who lived in the Zoroastrian era had a high level of worldview and thinking. Even in these distant times, our ancestors are struck by the fact that the deepest thinking, attitude to nature, existence, integrity and integrity of the universe, nature and human dignity, as well as the preservation of the Motherland are the main tasks of mankind.

The Religious and Philosophical Interpretation of Paleya Tolkovaya

Статья посвящена осмыслению опыта научного изучения и интерпретации памятника древнерусской литературы Палеи Толковой. Палея представляет собой многослойное в смысловом плане произведение, не только содержащее полемические, экзегетические и энциклопедические компоненты, но и имеющее значительное религиозно-философское наполнение. В статье рассмотрены также апологетические и миссионерские смыслы, которые можно обнаружить в тексте Палеи. Сделан вывод, что текст Палеи Толковой по своему характеру представляет собой произведение в большей степени утверждающее и защищающее православную веру, чем полемизирующее. Богословские идеи, содержащиеся в этом произведении, выдержаны в духе и традиции антиохийской богословской школы, и апологетические посылы текста подтверждены экзегезой священных книг, подкреплённой святоотеческой традицией и апокрифическими сказаниями. The paper aims to summarise the experience of studying and interpreting the piece of ancient Russian literature Paleya Tolkovaya. Paleya is a complex semantic text containing polemical, exegetical, and encyclopedic components. Moreover, it has significant religious and philosophical content. Particularly, the paper discusses the apologetic and missionary meanings which can be found in the text of Paleya. The key conclusion of the paper is that the text of Paleya Tolkova is rather affirmative and defending than a polemic piece of literary art in its attitude to Orthodox faith. The theological ideas contained in the text are sustained in the spirit and traditions of the Antiochian theological school, and the apologetic messages of the text are confirmed by the exegesis of the sacred books, supported by the patristic tradition and apocryphal legends.

THE NEW MODEL OF VALUE ATTITUDE TOWARDS LIFE. HOSPICES AND RELAXING MEDICINE

This article discusses some of the philosophical issues of life and health related to hospice movement and palliative, palliative medicine. Bioethics promotes the formation of new values in social and national consciousness, it stimulates significantly the humanization of natural and social sciences, new technologies, medicine and health care, make a transition between the natural, medical, social and humanitarian knowledge, as well as to establish balance between science and morality. Bioethics as a special form of practical philosophy of life teaches that human inter-relation with his own life, the whole biosphere is not only contemplative, theoretical and emotionless, but, being a practical relation, it constantly involves a certain assessment. The philosophical analysis of the problem of euthanasia has shown that the philosophical mind of the 20–21st centuries doesn’t view death as an alien to human existence, but as an existential component of life itself. Not only the problems of life-death bordering situations are implemented philosophically, but also the existential bases of human life i.e. freedom and responsibility. Today the idea of a human’s dignified death is discussed in two directions: as an euthanasia issue and the problem of hospices. In the article an attempt was to give the palliative medicine a philosophical interpretation, the roots of which can be found the Medieval culture. On the base of the formation and development of bioethics in article is substantiated the position according to which the imperative of the contemporary human existence demands a qualitatively new approach to current complicated, global and various issues.

The philosophical interpretation of language game theory

I give an informal presentation of the evolutionary game theoretic approach to the conventions that constitute linguistic meaning. The aim is to give a philosophical interpretation of the project, which accounts for the role of game theoretic mathematics in explaining linguistic phenomena. I articulate the main virtue of this sort of account, which is its psychological economy, and I point to the casual mechanisms that are the ground of the application of evolutionary game theory to linguistic phenomena. Lastly, I consider the objection that the account cannot explain predication, logic, and compositionality.

Female Freedom and The Neapolitan Novels (Part 1)

This essay begins to develop a philosophical interpretation of Elena Ferrante's L'amica geniale, a work of fiction that is known in English as The Neapolitan Novels. My ultimate aim is to explore the work's ambitious moral psychology, and particularly its subtle conceptualization of women's path to freedom. I begin by reconstructing some of the main ideas of Italian difference feminism as they are expressed in the texts of the Milan Women's Bookstore Collective—texts that are controversial milestones of Italian social theory, yet are relatively unknown outside of Italy. I then show how these ideas provide a useful frame of reference for interpreters of Ferrante's novel. This discussion sets up a more extended analysis (in part 2 of this essay) of the special status of Lila Cerullo, her strange condition of smarginatura (“dissolving boundaries”), and the import of her puzzling earthquake speech.

DEVELOPMENT OF PHILOSOPHICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL CULTURE OF FUTURE DOCTORS OF PHILOSOPHY

The article shows the relevance of the development of the philosophical and methodological culture of future doctors of philosophy in the context of cardinal changes in the domestic system of higher education. It is indicated that the actualization of the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities of the philosophical foundations of understanding methodological approaches in scientific research provides an increase in the level of scientific and pedagogical activity of teachers. A philosophical interpretation of the essence of methodological culture has been carried out. It has been determined that the fundamental basis for the development of a philosophical and methodological culture is the applicants’ understanding of the essence of science as a social phenomenon and a specific form of social activity. The formation of the methodological culture among future doctors of philosophy presupposes their possession of the system of pedagogical scientific competencies. The main elements that make up the structure of the philosophical and methodological culture, which include professional, axiological, cognitive, communicative activities, have been substantiated. The role of the philosophical and methodological component is established, which affects the formation of the dialectical style of thinking and provides for a comprehensive analysis of the philosophical essence of the content of theoretical concepts. The role of creativity and innovation in the process of the formation of the teacher's personality has been investigated. The system of pedagogical competencies as a result of the formation of methodological culture is characterized. The criteria for the formation of the philosophical and methodological culture of future doctors of philosophy have been determined.

Bettina von Arnim's Romantic Philosophy in Die Günderode

This article puts forward a philosophical interpretation of Bettina von Arnim's epistolary book Die Günderode, in the following stages. First I situate von Arnim's work in relation to women's participation in early German Romanticism and idealism. The ideal of Symphilosophie, which was integral to Romantic epistemology, created possibilities for women to participate in philosophical discussion, albeit not on equal terms with men. This suggested that perhaps Symphilosophie between women could be more equal and reciprocal. However, interpreters have considered the Sym- in Günderrode and von Arnim's Symphilosophie more than the -philosophie, whereas here I foreground Die Günderode's rich philosophical content. I trace the stages in the unfolding dialogue between Günderrode and von Arnim and identify von Arnim's philosophical standpoint as it emerges from this dialogue. For Günderrode, finite beings are attracted together and can only fully unite by dying and superseding their boundaries. This feeds into a gigantic cosmic process through which the earth spiritualizes itself, progressively transcending its own materiality. Von Arnim likewise thinks that all finite beings are dynamically interconnected within the earth's creative process. But, unlike Günderrode, von Arnim thinks that finite beings can realize their interconnectedness within life without needing to die, which means in turn that material nature can rise into successive levels of spirit without its materiality having to be superseded. This metaphysical difference orchestrates many other philosophical disagreements between the two women. I then conclude that on balance, and with significant qualifications, Die Günderode embodies a successful Symphilosophie between women, but that von Arnim is simultaneously pointing out the fragility of Symphilosophie. The more independence dialogue partners have, the more liable they are to move away in new directions and abandon or outgrow the conversation, just as Günderrode turns away from von Arnim by the end of the book.

KODE KEHORMATAN PRAMUKA PERSPEKTIF FILSAFAT MORAL DAN SUMBANGSIH TERHADAP PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER

Morality is a very hot discussion these days, Morality is an effort to guide someone’s action with common sense. Moral philosophy is a critical, systematic, and methodical science about the deeds of human beings and its relation to the good and bad. Code of scout honor sections of the code of ethics is interesting to study moral values contained in it. Type of this research is qualitative method; the formal object was moral philosophy while the material object was the code of honor of the boy scouts. The approach method that used in this research was ethics normative, and the analysis method was the philosophical interpretation. In the moral Values in the code of honor of the boy scouts is the crystallization of value-the value of life taken from the values in the life only for a while of the society. The value of moral rights and obligations, justice, honesty, responsibility and attitude of humble can become the norm which is universal so it can be a reference norm for human beings in general. In addition, these norms enrich moral values in character of education.

Apocalyptic and the Passions: Overcoming a False Dichotomy in Pauline Studies

This article deals with how to conceive of sin in Romans 5–8. Currently there are two main views concerning the understanding of sin in these chapters. The apocalyptic school describes sin as a power extrinsic to the person. The moral philosophical interpretation, by contrast, contends that sin is a representation of action or the passions. While these schools are usually opposed to each other, this article proposes that the major concerns of the apocalyptic school – to understand sin as a reality that is universally determinative, that precedes human action and exceeds human strength, and from which only God can deliver humanity – are compatible with the interpretation of sin as action in some passages and as the passions in others. There may therefore be space for further collaboration between two views that are often opposed.

God, Evil, Freedom. Reception and Interpretation of Dostoevsky in Luigi Pareyson and his Heirs

The essay aims to focus on reception and interpretation of Dostoevsky in the thought of Luigi Pareyson (1918-1991) and his heirs, who have developed a deep and original theoretical reading of Dostoevsky's work, able to bring out not only its ethical stance, but most of the essential aspects of his thought, and to investigate its current relevance. The reflection of Pareyson – who promoted the introduction of Dostoevsky's thought into the academic circles of Turin, being convinced that philosophy cannot avoid confronting the issues it explores – consists of three main moments: the experience of good and evil, the experience of freedom and the experience of God. Starting from consideration of Dostoevsky's characters as ideas, Pareyson proposes a new and coherent philosophical interpretation of his work, which can undoubtedly be compared to those of Ivanov, Berdjaev, Evdomikov, Šestov. His observations around the Legend of the Grand Inquisitor and the "refutation of Ivan" – which, according to him, constitute the most significant and theoretically prolific moments of Dostoevsky's production – seem unaffected by the flow of time and could still represent a valuable and indispensable contribution to the understanding not only of the great Russian author, but of human nature itself.