scholarly journals THE MODERN MEDIUM-SCALE MAPPING OF THE AVALANCE DANGER IN THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Aksiuk ◽  
◽  
Valentyn Lanshyn ◽  
Hanna Honcharenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thematic Maps ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Digital Maps ◽  
Mountain Landscape ◽  
Avalanche Hazard ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Mountain Development

There is a characteristic phenomenon of mountain landscape in Avalanche. Mountain development entails the need to take into account the avalanche hazard. The important task of the Hydrometeorological Service of Ukraine is to increase the effectiveness of forecasting avalanche danger in mountainous areas of Ukraine. One of the elements on the way to its solution is the digital display of mountain areas in the form of thematic maps. The intensive development of modern GIS technologies and the availability of digital terrain models make it possible to create various thematic maps. The avalanche activity is affected by meteorological and geomorphological factors. Using DEM based on SRTM 1, an avalanche hazard map of Ukrainian Carpathians was compiled. The map is based on the average maximum snow height and the steepness of the slopes. The proposed map will improve the quality of avalanche forecasts and will allow you to determine the need for avalanche exploration if the intended area of construction falls into the avalanche zone and protect users from unnecessary danger. An algorithm for constructing thematic (avalanche) digital maps using satellite data SRTM 1 has been elaborated.

Impact of Scale and Quality of Digital Terrain Models on Predictability of Seabed Terrain Types

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Erikstad ◽  
Vegar Bakkestuen ◽  
Trine Bekkby ◽  
Rune Halvorsen
Keyword(s):  
Digital Terrain Models ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Terrain Models

scholarly journals Calculation of Maximum Snow-Avalanche Run-Out Distance by use of Digital Terrain Models

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 164-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Lied ◽  
R. Toppe
Keyword(s):  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Digital Maps ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Rupture Area ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
Subjective Judgement ◽  
Terrain Parameters ◽  
Average Angle ◽  
Topographic Parameters

Digital maps and terrain models are used to calculate maximum snow-avalanche run-out distance based on topographic parameters. Maps of 1:50 000 scale are found to be accurate enough for the purpose. 113 well-known avalanches are discussed in this paper. A computer system is used to calculate terrain parameters such as rupture area (A), avalanche-path length (L), avalanche-track lengths (L 1 L 2), and run-out lengths (L 3). Maximum run-out angle (α), avalanche-track angle (β). and average angle of rupture zone (γ) are also found by computer. The use of computer and terrain model reduces subjective judgement of parameters to a minimum. Run-out distance was found to be best expressed by the regression equation: α = 0.91β + 0.08γ–3.5°. R 2 = 0.94, S = 1.4°. L = 0.93L 1 + 0.97L 2 + 0.61A + 182 m. R 2 = 0.96, S = 137 m.

scholarly journals 3D GIS BASED EVALUATION OF THE AVAILABLE SIGHT DISTANCE TO ASSESS SAFETY OF URBAN ROADS

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-3/W3 ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bassani ◽  
N. Grasso ◽  
M. Piras
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Road Design ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
Sight Distance ◽  
Street Furniture ◽  
Gis Software

The available sight distance (ASD) in front of the driver to detect possible conflicts with unexpected obstacles is fundamental for traffic safety. In the last 20 years, road design software (RDS) has been continuously updated with dedicated modules to estimate ASD, thus assessing the quality of project from a safety point of view. Unfortunately, the evaluation of ASD still represents an issue in the case of existing road, and the object of discussion in the research community. To avoid problems related to the limitation associated with the use of digital terrain models typically employed in RDS, the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software can use digital surface models (DSM) which are more flexible in the modelling of sight obstruction due to vegetation, street furniture, and vertical surfaces largely diffused in urbanized areas. <br><br> The paper deals with the evaluation of GIS in the estimation of ASD in a typical urban road where the density of sight obstruction along the roadside is relatively high. The work explores the case study of a collector road in the city of Turin (Italy). Results confirm the potentiality of GIS software in capturing the complex morphology of the urban environment, thus confirming that GIS could become an important analysis tool for road engineers in the field of road safety. The investigation here described is part of the Pro-VISION Project (funded in 2014 by the <i>Regione Piemonte</i>, Italy).

scholarly journals The application of the scale-space theory for medium-resolution DTM in geological and geotectonic studies

2019 ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
O. V. Rybas ◽  
G. Z. Gilmanova
Keyword(s):  
Scale Space ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Space Theory ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
Medium Resolution ◽  
Scale Spaces

The article presents a technique for identifying structural elements and details of the geological structure in digital terrain models (DTM) based on the theory of scale spaces. With its help, linear, dome-shaped and textural features are singled out from medium-resolution DTM (for example, SRTM03, GMTED2010), allowing to significantly improve the quality of studies related to tectonic and geological mapping and zoning. In general, the theory of scale — spaces is described in application to the solution of these problems and illustarted on the examples of a number of case studies.

scholarly journals Automated snow avalanche release area delineation – validation of existing algorithms and proposition of a new object-based approach for large-scale hazard indication mapping

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 3235-3251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Bühler ◽  
Daniel von Rickenbach ◽  
Andreas Stoffel ◽  
Stefan Margreth ◽  
Lukas Stoffel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Return Period ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Hazard Maps ◽  
Digital Terrain Models ◽  
Avalanche Hazard ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Release Area

Abstract. Snow avalanche hazard is threatening people and infrastructure in all alpine regions with seasonal or permanent snow cover around the globe. Coping with this hazard is a big challenge and during the past centuries, different strategies were developed. Today, in Switzerland, experienced avalanche engineers produce hazard maps with a very high reliability based on avalanche database information, terrain analysis, climatological data sets and numerical modeling of the flow dynamics for selected avalanche tracks that might affect settlements. However, for regions outside the considered settlement areas such area-wide hazard maps are not available mainly because of the too high cost, in Switzerland and in most mountain regions around the world. Therefore, hazard indication maps, even though they are less reliable and less detailed, are often the only spatial planning tool available. To produce meaningful and cost-effective avalanche hazard indication maps over large regions (regional to national scale), automated release area delineation has to be combined with volume estimations and state-of-the-art numerical avalanche simulations. In this paper we validate existing potential release area (PRA) delineation algorithms, published in peer-reviewed journals, that are based on digital terrain models and their derivatives such as slope angle, aspect, roughness and curvature. For validation, we apply avalanche data from three different ski resorts in the vicinity of Davos, Switzerland, where experienced ski-patrol staff have mapped most avalanches in detail for many years. After calculating the best fit input parameters for every tested algorithm, we compare their performance based on the reference data sets. Because all tested algorithms do not provide meaningful delineation between individual PRAs, we propose a new algorithm based on object-based image analysis (OBIA). In combination with an automatic procedure to estimate the average release depth (d0), defining the avalanche release volume, this algorithm enables the numerical simulation of thousands of avalanches over large regions applying the well-established avalanche dynamics model RAMMS. We demonstrate this for the region of Davos for two hazard scenarios, frequent (10–30-year return period) and extreme (100–300-year return period). This approach opens the door for large-scale avalanche hazard indication mapping in all regions where high-quality and high-resolution digital terrain models and snow data are available.

scholarly journals Impact of input data (in)accuracy on overestimation of visible area in digital viewshed models

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ondřej Lagner ◽  
Tomáš Klouček ◽  
Petra Šímová
Keyword(s):  
Input Data ◽  
Computational Algorithm ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Levels Of Detail ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
Viewshed Analysis ◽  
Elevation Data ◽  
Visible Area

Viewshed analysis is a GIS tool in standard use for more than two decades to perform numerous scientific and practical tasks. The reliability of the resulting viewshed model depends on the computational algorithm and the quality of the input digital surface model (DSM). Although many studies have dealt with improving viewshed algorithms, only a few studies have focused on the effect of the spatial accuracy of input data. Here, we compare simple binary viewshed models based on DSMs having varying levels of detail with viewshed models created using LiDAR DSM. The compared DSMs were calculated as the sums of digital terrain models (DTMs) and layers of forests and buildings with expertly assigned heights. Both elevation data and the visibility obstacle layers were prepared using digital vector maps differing in scale (1:5,000, 1:25,000, and 1:500,000) as well as using a combination of a LiDAR DTM with objects vectorized on an orthophotomap. All analyses were performed for 104 sample locations of 5 km2, covering areas from lowlands to mountains and including farmlands as well as afforested landscapes. We worked with two observer point heights, the first (1.8 m) simulating observation by a person standing on the ground and the second (80 m) as observation from high structures such as wind turbines, and with five estimates of forest heights (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 m). At all height estimations, all of the vector-based DSMs used resulted in overestimations of visible areas considerably greater than those from the LiDAR DSM. In comparison to the effect from input data scale, the effect from object height estimation was shown to be secondary.

scholarly journals Automated snow avalanche release area delineation – validation of existing algorithms and proposition of a new object-based approach for large scale hazard indication mapping

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Bühler ◽  
Daniel von Rickenbach ◽  
Andreas Stoffel ◽  
Stefan Margreth ◽  
Lukas Stoffel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Return Period ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Hazard Maps ◽  
Digital Terrain Models ◽  
Avalanche Hazard ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Release Area

Abstract. Snow avalanche hazard is threatening people and infrastructure in all alpine regions with seasonal or permanent snow cover around the globe. Coping with this hazard is a big challenge and during the past centuries, different strategies were developed. Today, in Switzerland, experienced avalanche engineers produce hazard maps with a very high reliability based on avalanche cadastre information, terrain analysis, climatological datasets and numerical modelling of the flow dynamics for selected avalanche tracks that might affect settlements. However, for regions outside the considered settlement areas such area-wide hazard maps are not available mainly because of the too high cost, in Switzerland and in most mountain regions around the world. Therefore, hazard indication maps, even though they are less reliable and less detailed, are often the only spatial planning tool available. To produce meaningful and cost-effective avalanche hazard indication maps over large regions (regional to national scale), automated release area delineation has to be combined with volume estimations and state-of-the-art numerical avalanche simulations. In this paper we validate existing potential release area (PRA) delineation algorithms, published in peer-reviewed journals, that are based on digital terrain models and their derivatives such as slope angle, aspect, roughness and curvature. For validation, we apply avalanche cadastre data from three different ski resorts in the vicinity of Davos, Switzerland, where experienced ski-patrol staff mapped most avalanches in detail since many years. After calculating the best fit input parameters for every tested algorithm, we compare their performance based on the reference datasets. Because all tested algorithms do not provide meaningful delineation between individual potential release areas (PRA), we propose a new algorithm based on object-based image analysis (OBIA). In combination with an automatic procedure to estimate the average release depth (d0), defining the avalanche release volume, this algorithm enables the numerical simulation of thousands of avalanches over large regions applying the well-established avalanche dynamics model RAMMS. We demonstrate this for the region of Davos for two hazard scenarios, frequent (10–30 years return period) and extreme (100–300 years return period). This approach opens the door for large scale avalanche hazard indication mapping in all regions where high quality and resolution digital terrain models and snow data are available.

scholarly journals Calculation of Maximum Snow-Avalanche Run-Out Distance by use of Digital Terrain Models

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 164-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Lied ◽  
R. Toppe
Keyword(s):  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Digital Maps ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Rupture Area ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
Subjective Judgement ◽  
Terrain Parameters ◽  
Average Angle ◽  
Topographic Parameters

Digital maps and terrain models are used to calculate maximum snow-avalanche run-out distance based on topographic parameters. Maps of 1:50 000 scale are found to be accurate enough for the purpose. 113 well-known avalanches are discussed in this paper. A computer system is used to calculate terrain parameters such as rupture area (A), avalanche-path length (L), avalanche-track lengths (L1L2), and run-out lengths (L3). Maximum run-out angle (α), avalanche-track angle (β). and average angle of rupture zone (γ) are also found by computer. The use of computer and terrain model reduces subjective judgement of parameters to a minimum. Run-out distance was found to be best expressed by the regression equation:α = 0.91β + 0.08γ–3.5°. R2 = 0.94, S = 1.4°.L = 0.93L1 + 0.97L2 + 0.61A + 182 m. R2 = 0.96, S = 137 m.

Piemonte. Tra stasi e sperimentazioni, un quadro chiaroscurale / Piedmont. Between stasis and experimentations, a «chiaroscuro» framework

ARCHALP ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 66-75
Author(s):  
Antonio De Rossi ◽  
Roberto Dini
Keyword(s):  
Physical Space ◽  
The Other ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Architectural Production ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Contemporary Situation

The contemporary architectural production in the Alps of Piedmont has to be studied taking into consideration the contrasting phenomena of depopulation and tourism that have involved the mountain areas of the region during last century. In the fifties and sixties the percentage of abandonment of the high valleys reaches even 80-90%. Entire communities move to industrial urban centers in the cities on the plain. On the other side we witness to a strong polarization of the winter stations that become real “banlieues blanches” for the free time of the citizens and where the architecture of alpine modernism, with various forms, shapes. The paradox nowadays is that the rarefaction of abandoned and depopulated territories is necessary to force to start and choose new innovative paths. We witness a contemporary situation with different shades: on one side the well-established touristic territories that need projects to promote the redevelopment and diversification, on the other side the marginal places where are rising new visions are practices of reactivation of the territory in which architecture is fundamental. The topic of quality of the construction of the physical space intersects with the regeneration of places on a cultural basis, new agriculture and green economy, innovative development of the patrimony, sustainable tourism, with inclusive and participative paths of nature, by giving new meanings to places and building new economies and identities.

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