A Survey on Spatio-temporal Data Analytics Systems

Due to the surge of spatio-temporal data volume, the popularity of location-based services and applications, and the importance of extracted knowledge from spatio-temporal data to solve a wide range of real-world problems, a plethora of research and development work has been done in the area of spatial and spatio-temporal data analytics in the past decade. The main goal of existing works was to develop algorithms and technologies to capture, store, manage, analyze, and visualize spatial or spatio-temporal data. The researchers have contributed either by adding spatio-temporal support with existing systems, by developing a new system from scratch, or by implementing algorithms for processing spatio-temporal data. The existing ecosystem of spatial and spatio-temporal data analytics systems can be categorized into three groups, (1) spatial databases (SQL and NoSQL), (2) big spatial data processing infrastructures, and (3) programming languages and GIS software. Since existing surveys mostly investigated infrastructures for processing big spatial data, this survey has explored the whole ecosystem of spatial and spatio-temporal analytics. This survey also portrays the importance and future of spatial and spatio-temporal data analytics.

TRANSPORT PLANNING AND GIS TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION IN URBAN ENVIRONMENT

The article discusses the integration of geographic information system technology into urban transport planning and modeling. The problems facing GIS systems today and their solutions. The GIS software is being evaluated. Several applications of GIS methodology for urban transport analysis are described

Development and Application of a QGIS-Based Model to Estimate Monthly Streamflow

Changes in rainfall pattern and land use have caused considerable impacts on the hydrological behavior of watersheds; a Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Analysis (L-THIA) model has been used to simulate such variations. The L-THIA model defines curve number according to the land use and hydrological soil group before calculating the direct runoff based on the amount of rainfall, making it a convenient method of analysis. Recently, a method was proposed to estimate baseflow using this model, which may be used to estimate the overall streamflow. Given that this model considers the spatial distribution of land use and hydrological soil groups and must use rainfall data at multiple positions, it requires the usage of a geographical information system (GIS). Therefore, a model that estimates streamflow using land use maps, hydrologic soil group maps, and rain gauge station maps in QGIS, a popular GIS software, was developed. This model was tested in 15 watersheds.

A Mini-Review of Strategies for Quantifying Anthropogenic Activities in Microplastic Studies in Aquatic Environments

Microplastic pollution is no longer neglected worldwide, as recent studies have unveiled its potential harm to ecosystems and, even worse, to human health. Numerous studies have documented the ubiquity of microplastics, reflecting the necessity of formulating corresponding policies to mitigate the accumulation of microplastics in natural environments. Although anthropogenic activities are generally acknowledged as the primary source of microplastics, a robust approach to identify sources of microplastics is needed to provide scientific suggestions for practical policymaking. This review elucidates recent microplastic studies on various approaches for quantifying or reflecting the degree to which anthropogenic activities contribute to microplastic pollution. Population density (i.e., often used to quantify anthropogenic activities) was not always significantly correlated with microplastic abundance. Furthermore, this review argues that considering potential sources near sample sites as characteristics that may serve to predict the spatial distribution of microplastics in aquatic environments is equivocal. In this vein, a watershed-scale measure that uses land-cover datasets to calculate different percentages of land use in the watershed margins delineated by using Geographic Information System (GIS) software is discussed and suggested. Progress in strategies for quantifying anthropogenic activities is important for guiding future microplastic research and developing effective management policies to prevent microplastic contamination in aquatic ecosystems.

Soil Texture Distribution for East Wasit Province, Iraq

Soil texture affects many physical and chemical properties of soil. Knowledge of soil texture is essential for all water and soil studies. The aim of the research is to draw a map of the spatial distribution of soil texture in the region of eastern Wasit province and know the relationship of texture to the soil’s hydrological groups. Laboratory tests were conducted on 25 soil samples. With a depth of 50-75 cm, were selected from locations that represent the study area. According to the unified classification system, The results showed that the soil texture for the samples locations was 40% sand, 16% for both silt loam and sandy loam, 12% for loamy sand, 8% for both sandy clay loam and sandy loam. A soil texture classification map was produced for the study area. The first soil texture map for the area differs significantly from the World Food and Agriculture Organization soil texture classification map. It adopts signed tests of the site. The statistical analysis showed that the per cent sand’s standard deviation was 22.65%, silt 19.247%, and 6.416% clay. It turns out that 52% of the soil models from hydrologic group A, 24% from hydrologic group B and 24% from hydrologic group C, Arc GIS software was used to produce maps.

Morphometric and Sub-Watershed Analysis of Taraka Watershed, H.D. Kote Taluk, Mysuru District, Karnataka, India using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

The current research work is an attempt to study of drainage area covering 429 sqkms comprising of 10 sub-watersheds they are namely Heggadadevanakote, Budanuru, Kodasige, Yedenhundi, Sunkadakatte, Nagarahole, Muruganahalli, Heggadapura, Kalhalla, Sarathihole. The research area has strong structural control shows that the 10 sub-basins named as the normal category. Different parameters of morphometric were used, Arc-Info and Arc -View GIS software was used to analysis the morphometric parameters and drainage characteristics, Sub-basin have been delineated by drainage pattern. The drainage pattern suggesting very coarse to coarse texture and the density explains the texture of drainage is related to coarse as geomorphic development their late youth stage and values suggest that Form factor, Circulatory ratio, Sub-basins are circular to elongated in shape.

A Study on the Usability of Open Spatial Data for Road Network-Based Analysis – Using Openstreetmap as an Example

For several years GIS software users could use for any purpose a dataset being to some extent an alternative to both products offered by commercial providers and official databases. It is OpenStreetMap (OSM for short) – a worldwide spatial dataset, created and edited by interested individuals and available for use by anyone with no limitations. It is built on the basis of data recorded with consumer grade GPS receivers, obtained through vectorization of aerial photographs and from other usable sources, including even sketches made in the field. The collected information is stored in a central database, the content of which is not only presented on the website as a digital map, but also offered for download as vector data. Such data can be used for, among other things, performing various analyses based on road networks, of which the most frequently used is the function of determining the optimal route connecting selected locations. The results of such analyses can only be considered reliable if the data used are of adequate quality. As the OSM database is built by enthusiasts, no plans for its systematic development are formulated and there are no built-in quality control mechanisms. Therefore, the paper proposes methods and tools to verify the usefulness of the data collected so far, as well as to correct detected errors. It focuses on the following categories of geographic data quality: location accuracy, topological consistency and temporal validity. In addition, a problem with determining the length of individual road network segments was noticed, related to data acquisition methods and ways of recording the shape of lines. Therefore, in order to carry out the so-called route calibration, it was suggested to use kilometer and hectometer posts used in transportation networks, the locations of which are successively added to the OSM database. BADANIE UŻYTECZNOŚCI OTWARTYCH DANYCH PRZESTRZENNYCH DO ANALIZ OPARTYCH NA SIECIACH DROGOWYCH – NA PRZYKŁADZIE OPENSTREETMAP Od kilkunastu już lat użytkownicy oprogramowania GIS mogą używać do dowolnych celów zbioru danych będącego do pewnego stopnia alternatywą zarówno dla produktów oferowanych przez dostawców komercyjnych, jak i urzędowych baz danych. Jest nim OpenStreetMap (w skrócie OSM) – obejmujący cały świat zbiór danych przestrzennych, tworzony i edytowany przez zainteresowane osoby i dostępny do stosowania przez każdego chętnego bez żadnych ograniczeń. Budowany jest na podstawie danych rejestrowanych turystycznymi odbiornikami GPS, pozyskiwanych poprzez wektoryzację zdjęć lotniczych oraz pochodzących z innych nadających się do wykorzystania źródeł, w tym nawet szkiców wykonywanych w terenie. Zgromadzona GEOINFORMATICA POLONICA 20: 2021 DOI 10.4467/21995923GP.21.007.14978 informacja zapisywana jest w centralnej bazie danych, której zawartość jest nie tylko prezentowana na stronie internetowej w postaci cyfrowej mapy, lecz również oferowana do pobrania jako dane wektorowe. Takie dane mogą mieć zastosowanie między innymi do przeprowadzania różnorodnych analiz bazujących na sieciach drogowych, z których najczęściej wykorzystywana jest funkcja wyznaczania optymalnej trasy łączącej wybrane lokalizacje. Wyniki takich analiz można uznać za wiarygodne tylko wtedy, gdy użyte w nich dane będą się charakteryzować odpowiednią jakością. Ponieważ baza danych OSM budowana jest przez pasjonatów, nie są formułowane żadne plany jej systematycznego rozwoju oraz brak jest wbudowanych mechanizmów kontroli jakości. Dlatego w artykule zaproponowano metody i narzędzia, które pozwolą na weryfikację przydatności zgromadzonych do tej pory danych, jak również na poprawę wykrytych błędów. Skupiono się na następujących kategoriach jakości danych geograficznych: dokładności położenia, spójności topologicznej oraz ważności czasowej. Dodatkowo dostrzeżono problem z wyznaczaniem długości poszczególnych obiektów sieci drogowej, związany z metodami pozyskiwania danych i sposobami rejestracji kształtu linii. W związku z tym do przeprowadzenia tak zwanej kalibracji trasy zasugerowano użycie stosowanych w sieciach transportowych słupków kilometrowych i hektometrowych, których lokalizacje są sukcesywnie wprowadzane do bazy danych OSM.

Detection and Delineation of Potential Areas for Tourism Activities in Coastal Zone of Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra (India)

Tourism is a device of economic development in developed, developing, and even in underdeveloped countries. The AHP based MCDA techniques used for detection and delineation of the tourism potential zones in the coastal area of Ratnagiri district in Maharashtra (India). The conventional and satellite data viz. ASTER data has been used for spatial analysis in GIS software. Seacoast, elevation, slope, river, LULC, available amenities, accessibility and connectivity, cultural and historical places, and density of settlements used as the criterions for detection of potential zones for tourism activities. The experts’ opinions, literature survey and fieldwork used as the source of information for the selection of criterions and determination of ranks. The weighted overlay technique used to find the comparative levels of tourism potentials: very high, high, moderate and less potentials for tourism. About 13% of TGA shows comparatively very high tourism potential, 25.80% shows high, 54.62 % shows moderate, and 6.57 % shows less tourism potential. The overall accuracy of the categorized map estimated about 89.60%. The thematic maps viz. amenities and settlement were processed using inverse distance weighted (IWD) interpolation technique. Therefore, some areas from the category, ‘high potential’ merged in the category, ‘moderate potential’ and reduced the producer’s accuracy of the classified map. The sandy beaches, lowland area with a gentle slope, river landscape features, road network, cultural and historical places, ideal size of settlements and number of amenities are attractions of tourists in the region. The technique used in this study can be an effective apparatus for precise analysis of site suitability for tourism activities.

Assessment of Fire Effects on Surface Runoff Erosion Susceptibility: The Case of the Summer 2021 Forest Fires in Greece

The wildfires of summer 2021 in Greece were among the most severe forest fire events that have occurred in the country over the past decade. The conflagration period lasted for 20 days (i.e., from 27 July to 16 August 2021) and resulted in the devastation of an area of more than 3600 Km2. Forest fire events of similar severity also struck other Mediterranean countries during this period. Apart from their direct impacts, forest fires also render an area more susceptible to runoff erosion by massively removing its vegetation, among other factors. It is clear that immediately after a forest fire, most areas are much more susceptible to erosion. In this paper, we evaluate the erosion hazard of Attica, Northern Euboea, and the Peloponnese that were devastated by forest fires during the summer of 2021 in Greece, in comparison with their geological and geomorphological structures, as well as land cover and management. Given that a very significant part of these areas were burnt during the major conflagrations of this summer, erosion risk, as well as flood risk, are expected to be very high, especially for the coming autumn and winter. For the evaluation of erosion risk, the burnt areas were mapped, and the final erosion-risk maps were constructed through GIS software. The final maps suggest that most of the burnt areas are highly susceptible to future surface runoff erosion events.