scholarly journals A Review of Various Swarm Intelligence Based Routing Protocols for Iot

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-63
Author(s):  
Shailja Agnihotri ◽  
K.R. Ramkumar
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Swarm Intelligence ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Routing Algorithms ◽  
Link Failures ◽  
Routing Mechanism ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Insight Into

The paper provides insight into various swarm intelligence based routing protocols for Internet of Things (IoT), which are currently available for the Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). There are several issues which are limiting the growth of Internet of Things. These include the reliability, link failures, routing, heterogeneity etc. The MANETs and WSNs routing issues impose almost same requirements for IoT routing mechanism. The recent work of the worldwide researchers is focused on this area. protocols are based on the principles of swarm intelligence. The swarm intelligence is applied to achieve the optimality and the efficiency in solving the complex, multi-hop and dynamic requirements of the wireless networks. The application of the ACO technique tries to provide answers to many routing issues. Using the swarm intelligence and ant colony optimization principles, it has been seen that, the protocols’ efficiency definitely increases and also provides more scope for the development of more robust, reliable and efficient routing protocols for the IoT. As the various standard protocols available for MANETs and WSNs are not reliable enough, the paper finds the need of some efficient routing algorithms for IoT.

Study on Power-Aware Routing Mechanism in MANET

2012 ◽  
Vol 263-266 ◽  
pp. 1100-1104
Author(s):  
Rong Xin Li ◽  
Chao Mei Zheng ◽  
Ling Chai
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Routing Mechanism ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

A mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) is a group of mobile wireless nodes which communicate without any fixed networking infrastructure. The nodes in an ad hoc mobile network are typically powered by batteries with a limited energy supply. For MANETs, One of the most important and challenging issues is how to conserve energy, maximizing the network lifetime.Since routing is an essential function in these networks, developing power-aware routing protocols has been an intensive research area in recent years. As a result, many power-aware routing protocols have been proposed from a variety of perspectives. In this article,we propose and analyse the model of power consumption in ad hoc network, present different power-aware metrics base on power consumption and survey some power-aware routing protocols proposed for mobile ad hoc networks.

scholarly journals Rechained: Sybil-Resistant Distributed Identities for the Internet of Things and Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3257
Author(s):  
Arne Bochem ◽  
Benjamin Leiding
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Upper And Lower Bounds ◽  
Colored Petri Nets ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Internet Connectivity ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Detection Schemes ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Today, increasing Internet of Things devices are deployed, and the field of applications for decentralized, self-organizing networks keeps growing. The growth also makes these systems more attractive to attackers. Sybil attacks are a common issue, especially in decentralized networks and networks that are deployed in scenarios with irregular or unreliable Internet connectivity. The lack of a central authority that can be contacted at any time allows attackers to introduce arbitrary amounts of nodes into the network and manipulate its behavior according to the attacker’s goals, by posing as a majority participant. Depending on the structure of the network, employing Sybil node detection schemes may be difficult, and low powered Internet of Things devices are usually unable to perform impactful amounts of work for proof-of-work based schemes. In this paper, we present Rechained, a scheme that monetarily disincentivizes the creation of Sybil identities for networks that can operate with intermittent or no Internet connectivity. We introduce a new revocation mechanism for identities, tie them into the concepts of self-sovereign identities, and decentralized identifiers. Case-studies are used to discuss upper- and lower-bounds for the costs of Sybil identities and, therefore, the provided security level. Furthermore, we formalize the protocol using Colored Petri Nets to analyze its correctness and suitability. Proof-of-concept implementations are used to evaluate the performance of our scheme on low powered hardware as it might be found in Internet of Things applications.

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