Serum Cholesterol Levels in American (Pima) Indian Children and Adolescents

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-282
Author(s):  
Peter J. Savage ◽  
Richard F. Hamman ◽  
Gregory Bartha ◽  
Stephen E. Dippe ◽  
Max Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Pima Indians ◽  
Caucasian American ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Low Levels

Serum cholesterol levels from birth to adulthood in a population of North American (Pima) Indians are described and compared to those of Caucasian populations. Cholesterol levels at birth (mean ± SEM, 87 ± 2.6 mg/100 ml) were similar in Pimas and Caucasians, but levels in Pimas from 5 to 16 years (148 ± 4.6 mg/100 ml) were 20 to 30 mg/100 ml lower than among most white populations. The levels showed little rise with age from 5 to 16, then rose significantly in both sexes from ages 17 to 25. Cholesterol levels in adult Pimas (190 ± 1.5 mg/100 ml) were up to 50 to 60 mg/100 ml lower than in American whites, and showed little increase after age 25. Two cohorts of children followed prospectively for six years indicated that the prevalence data reflect sequential changes in the population. Cholesterol levels of those subjects were significantly correlated at the first and last examinations. The Pima, in contrast to Caucasian American populations, have relatively low levels of serum cholesterol and low rates of coronary heart disease, but evidence of a causal relationship with the latter remains to be established.

scholarly journals A Nonlinear Association of Serum Cholesterol Level with Incident Coronary Heart Disease in Elderly Men

Circulation ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 1362-1363
Author(s):  
Beatriz L Rodriguez ◽  
Robert D Abbott ◽  
Kamal H Masaki ◽  
Irwin J Schatz ◽  
Randi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Cholesterol Level ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Japanese American ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Non Linear

P62 Increased serum cholesterol has been found to be a direct risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) in middle aged individuals in epidemiologic follow-up studies. However, this relationship has not been consistently reproduced in elderly populations. From 1991-93, 2424 elderly (71-93 years old) Japanese American men from the Honolulu Heart Program cohort, who did not have prevalent CHD and who were not on cholesterol lowering drugs, were examined. The subsequent 6-year follow-up provided an opportunity to closely examine the relationship between their baseline cholesterol and their incidence of CHD as determined by surveillance and a physician panel review. The study revealed a significant non-linear association of the baseline cholesterol with the incidence of CHD (p=0.033). Among the 1524 elderly men with cholesterol values below 200mg/dl the age adjusted CHD rate decreased as the mean cholesterol level increased. In those with cholesterol levels of greater than or equal to 200mg/dl (900) the age adjusted CHD rates increased with increasing level of cholesterol. The lowest CHD rates were seen in men with cholesterol levels between 200 and 219 mg/dl. Multivariate adjustment for other know risk factors (BMI, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and HDL), decreased the strength of this non-linear relationship but it remained significant (p=0.049). A measure of frailty (10% weight loss since an exam 20 years before) further reduced the strength of the cholesterol relationship slightly but did so by reducing the magnitude of the cholesterol/CHD relationship in both those higher cholesterol (positive relationship) and those with lower cholesterol (negative relationship). Thus it is unlikely that frailty can fully explain the reverse cholesterol/CHD relationship seen in those with lower cholesterol levels. In this study the majority of men already had cholesterol levels below the standard cutpoint of 200mg/dl and had the opposite pattern of risk as elderly men with cholesterols above that cutpoint. This would indicate that further data is needed before recommending lowering of cholesterol to levels below 200mg/dl in older individuals.

Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in Children: Recognition, Evaluation, and Therapy

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
C. J. Glueck ◽  
M. J. Mellies ◽  
R. C. Tsang ◽  
J. A. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Atherosclerosis Prevention

PEDIATRIC GENESIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS Atherosclerosis results from a variety of pathophysiologic disturbances, some currently recognized, and many undoubtedly not yet recognized, which in aggregate are identified as risk factors. Genetic and environmental influences conjointly affect the incidence and the severity of these risk factors and, thus, coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Prophylaxis should be designed to prevent or retard the development of arterial plaques. This suggests that diagnostic and preventive efforts should begin in childhood. Eating habits are also probably established in childhood, allowing their early modification. The atherosclerotic plaque appears to have its genesis in childhood. The data from wartime autopsies confirm the presence of mature atherosclerotic lesions by the end of the second decade and emphasize the importance of primary atherosclerosis prevention beginning in the first and second decades. While there are clearly genetic factors in CHD, variation in rates in differing geographic areas appears less likely to be related to genetic than to environmental differences. Marked differences in plasma cholesterol levels are found in children in different geographic areas, generally paralleling pediatric cholesterol and saturated fat intake and the incidence of adult coronary heart disease. The relationships of elevated total plasma cholesterol levels to the incidence of coronary heart disease are clearly established in adults.

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